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THE EFFECT
OF TEACHING AIDS ON PUPILS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN BASIC SCIENCE IN PRIMARY
SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
This study
was carried out to investigate the effect of teaching aids on pupils academic
performance in Basic Science in primary school in Yewa South Local Government Area,
of Ogun State. The survey designed was used for the study, fifty (50)
respondent randomly selected through simple random sampling technique was used
to get relevant data needed for the study. Result from the study shows that
Basic Science is a compulsory subject and the use of relevant teaching aids
cannot be over emphasized. The teaching aids could be in the form of visual,
audio, audio-visual; it reveals the teacher confound interest in the use of
teaching aids to teach Basic Science, it will also aid better performance of
pupils in Basic Science. The study recommended, organizing relevant work shop
and seminars for science teachers to keep them abreast of new technology
related to teaching of Basic Science, it also encourages supervision of teachers
on the use of relevant teaching aids while teaching.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Basic
science is a branch of science that involves the fundamental system of
acquiring knowledge using observations and experiments to describe and explain
natural phenomena. Basic science is referred to as a type of science where
emphasis is places on the unity of science and it is the only way of teaching
science in such a way as the present scientific ideas as unified whole
(Wikipedia, 2014).
Science was
included in the primary school curriculum in (1999) as one of the three
subjects in the area of social, environmental and scientific education
(SESE).Although some focus on elementary science had been included in the
(1971) curriculum for pupils. The (1999) curriculum is significantly more
comprehensive than the previous one in a number of respects.
The study of
Basic science and technology has been applied as very relevant to the survival
and progress of the human race. This chain strongly supported by the place of
science and technology in the education pre-process. The educational system of
all nation include element of science and technology at all levels. As bodies
of knowledge, there are acceptable methods through which skills in them can be
acquired. The Nigeria government, through it policy on education, very
wellsupports the teaching and learning of science and technology in the primary
school level of education.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
“SCIENCE” and “TECHNOLOGY” are
related to each other after the research in science, technology came into
existence by Akinola (2009). When we are talking about science it goes a long
way with Technology, because they are vice-visa. “Science” would be incomplete
without “Technology” on this note we can say that “Science” is the head while
“Technology” is the body.
CONCEPT OF
SCIENCE
Man is very inquisitive about the
origin of things he finds around him. Science comes from the Latin word
“Scientia” which simply means “knowledge”. The word science has been viewed by
many scholars as they perceive it.
Science is
the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of
the structure and of the physical and natural world through observation and
experiment. Science forms the avenue through which man interactsand explains
phenomenon or activities around the universe.
CONCEPT OF
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is derived from the
Greek word “Tecture” which simply means ‘art’ or ‘craft’. Technologyis the
practical application of scientific knowledge making use of the results of
different scientific researches in producing goods and services. Technology
developed as a result of man’s need to solve certain practical problems in
science. It is all about the application and production of tools in solving
societal problems, so that life can be meaningful and comfortable for man.
According to
my own vista and perspective to backup my studies, the following table shared
more light on Science and Technology.
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
Science make
research for experimentations
Technology
reveals and rebrand it
Science
think to creates
Technology
re-think to re-creates
Science
starts
Technology
make conclusion
Science
build and mould
Technology
re-build and remould
Science use
logic to lead
Technology
strategize to give follow-up
Science
participates and make development
Technology
take controlsto manoeuvre and showcase
Lastly science
dictates to observe and practicalise
Technology
discover to scrutinize and utilize for functioning and usefulness
However, the
optimum aims and objectives of educational set-up would not be achieved,
without the use of teaching aids in teaching and learning of Basic science and
technology because the primary level of education is the foundation.
There is a
positive relationship between academic performance of the pupils with
availability and use of instructional materials or audio-visual aids in schools.
Jamison et al (1981) as cited in Dahar&Faize (2011) state that physical
facilities and availability or teaching aids along with the level of teacher’s
education, all collectively develops the quality of classroom and quality
learning that predicts of forecasts the pupils achievements. Likewise Mwamwauda
(1987) as cited in Dahar&Faize (2011) states that school facilities that
include textbooks are very influential elements that contributes to the pupils
achievement.
Before
modern education was incorporated, Pupilswas passive listeners and teacher was
astronomous body who knows what, when and how of education. But in recent years
the superiority in shifted towards pupils. Use of teaching aids is preferred as
they are considered as 85% of whole teaching and learning (jadal,2011). They
keep the individual learner focused on what is being taught by the teacher in
the classroom session.
Teaching
aids make a lesson or a lecture more interesting and a memorable experience not
only for pupils but for teachers as well. They play a vibrant role in focusing
the attention of individual pupils towards the teacher or the topic. Human
beings five senses organ are the doorway for effective learning, especially
seeing, hearing and touching brings maximum knowledge for the individual.
Jerome
Bruner a psychologist at New York University advocates, research has shown that
people remember:
10% of what
they hear, 20% of what they read and80% of what they see and do: (Lester,
2012).
It is also
very vital to leave sufficient and adequate human resources in care of teacher
quality for the teaching of all subjects in the school curriculum, without the
teacher as implementing factors the goals of education can never be achieved.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Basic
science is a compulsory subject offered in the primary and secondary schools,
this therefore requires the use of teaching aids for effective teaching to
study what therefore, investigates:
i. The meaning of teaching
aids
ii. The various forms
iii. Effect of teaching aids in
teaching of Basic science
iv. Measures to be taken to improve
the use of teaching aids
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are availabilities for teaching aids
in Basic science?
2. What are the effects of teaching aids in
basic science on pupils academic performance?
3. How adequate are the available teaching
aid for the teaching and learning of Basic Science?
4. To what extent do teacher utilize the
teaching aids for teaching and learning of Basic science
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study
will investigate:
i. The concept of teaching
aids
ii. Types of teaching aids
iii. Effect of teaching aids on the
teaching of Basic science
iv. The way forward
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study
will be carried out in Yewa South Local Government area of Ogun State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
will be of importance to the following: Government, Principals/Head-Teachers,
Teachers, Pupils and Parents.
TheGovernment:This
study will enhance the government to know the usefulness of teaching aids
teaching and learning of Basic science. It will also make meaningful ideal in
making of syllabus for educational set-up; so as to organize seminars/workshops
programmeson the usage of teaching aids. The government will be aware of
monitoring unit of the local government schools to conduct regular inspection
of teachers, pupils, school facilities and infrastructures. Meanwhile action
should not be delayed in effecting to repairs to prevent deteriorate of
facilities.The school community makes land available, the government builds
school on its own; provide furniture, refurbish old classrooms, provide
teaching learning equipment. All these provision are made in order to achieve
the goal of educational set p, which is incomplete without the effective use of
teaching aids.
The
Principal/Head Teachers: The research will give more knowledge and awareness to
the Principal/Head Teachers in educational system on how to strategically make
provisions of needed and necessary teaching aids in order to promote the study
of Basic Science in Primary and Junior Secondary school levels. This study will
also immensely assist the Principal/Head Teachers either to change or switch in
the functions and duties. The Principal/Head Teachers as the Chief Executive of
the school has multi-various tasks to accomplish for successful administration
of the school system. Several authors describes the functions and roles of the
school principals/head teachers. According to Ezeocha (1992) sees the function
of the Principal/Head teacher as the:
Supervision
of instruction and curriculum development aid.
According to
Rollings et al (1959) posits that Principal/Head Teacher is:
· standard setter
· one who leads in the development of an
aspiration and expectation on the part of both teachers and pupils to do good
work.
· He assist the teachers with their
problems of improving methods
· He can help teachers improve their
testing techniques and develop their ability to analyze and interpret data.
· The Principal/Head teacher as an
administrator need to possess certain administrative skills to effectively
perform his duty. However, he is the intractional leader, the personnel manager
for both the pupils and staff personnel, also is the finance and physical
facility manager.
The
principal/Head Teacher is expected to maintain a good relationship with the
immediate community and also ensure a continuous contact with the ministry of
education in the area in which the school is situated.
Teachers:
This study would basically and broadly aid the teachers on how to prudently
facilitate, utilize the teaching aids in teaching of Basic science. Teachers
will be aware onhow to carry out their roles in teaching and learning process,
so as to play their vital role effectively in the lives of the pupils in their
classrooms; because teachers are best known for the role of education to the
pupils/students that are placed in their care. Beyond that teachers serves many
other roles in the classroom, teachers set the tone of their classrooms build
warm environment, monitor and nurture pupils become rolemodels,and listen and
look signs of trouble.
Among these
roles are:
· Teaching Knowledge: The most common
role a teacher plays in the classroom is to teach knowledge to child, teachers
are given a curriculum they must follow that meets state guidelines.
· Creating classroom environment:
Teachers also plays important role in the classroom when it comes to the
environment. Pupils often mimic teacher’s action. If the teacher prepares a
warm, happy environment, pupils are more likely to be happy.
· Role Modeling:the teachers do not
think of themselves as role models. However, inadvertently the pupils spend a
great deal of time with their teacher and therefore the teacher becomes a role
model to them. This can be a positive or negative effect depending on the
teachers. Teachers are there not only to teach but to also love, care for them,
in doing this he becomes a role model for the children.
· Monitoring: Monitoring is a natural
role taking on by the teachers, whether it is intentional or not. This can also
have positive or negative effect on children. Monitoring by the teacher is a
way he encourages and guide the pupils to strive and be the best academically.
It also includes encouraging pupils to enjoy learning.
· Signs of trouble: Another role played
by teachers are taught to look for signs of trouble in the pupils. When pupils
behavior is change or physical signs of abuse is noticed, teachers are required
to look into the problem. Teachers must follow faculty procedure when it comes
to following up in all signs of trouble.
Pupils: The
study will be beneficial to the pupils/students to build the potential in
learning of Basic science, it will also guide them in acquiring, discovering
the influence and utility of teaching aids to develop interest on the usage of
it.
The pupils
are learners who are expected to take instructions from the Head Teacher of the
school as well as their class teachers. Apart from the academic assignments
given to them in their classes, they are also expected to participate in the co-curricular
activities of the school. Therefore, the best legacy for a child is education,
because education is a human right that should be accorded to all human beings
solely by reason of being human.
Parents:
this study will be of benefit and important to the parents, However, it would
allow them to know the usefulness of teaching aids in the process of teaching
and learning of Basic science, they will be able to make mention of this in the
meeting of “PARENTS AND TEACHERS ASSOCIATION” (PTAs). The participation of
parents in the lives of their children towards education plays some vital roles
to the pupils greater achievement academically, morally, physically and
socially. Experience has shown that the community has always been partners in
progress; that is, the parents with government in financial, materials and
moral provisions for the Nigeria primary schools, the roles of the “PARENTS AND
TEACHERS ASSOCIATION (PTAs) has been quite impressive.
In most
cases, the (PTAs) have provided financial support and provision of blocks of
classrooms school buses, assembly halls, and construction of access roads. It
will aid the command, the responsibility of working as a team for achieving the
earlier stated aims and objectives.
The ultimate
and major assignment for the parents is to train their children that the entire
community will be proud of.
1.7 DE-LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the
course of writing and gathering information that are relevant to this project.
The researcher encountered some challenges which are demerit to this work and
that has caused many difficulties to accurately manage the main period and time
stipulated for this work.
During the course of distribution
of questionnaire, the researcher on his field for gathering information; some
of the respondents are reluctant to fill the items. Some are making mistake in
ticking two answers for a statement, Some of them do failed to fill the item
all through, Some of the respondent do not even bother to return the
questionnaire which the researcher has given to them. Therefore, the researcher
was able to retrieve exactly numbers of the questionnaire needed on this study.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
· Basic: definition from oxford Learners
Dictionary define it as: forming the part of something that is most necessary
and from which other things develop. Or before anything extra is added.in other
words: Basic is a simple high level computer programming language that user
familiar English words, designed for beginners and formerly used widely.
· Science: (From Latin word mean
“scientia” and it is simple means knowledge). Science is a systematic
enterprise that build and organizes knowledge in the form of testable
explanation and petitioner about universe. The Oxford learners dictionary
described it as knowledge about structure and behavior of the natural and
physical world, based on facts that you can prove for example by experiments,
another definition says that is a system for organizing the knowledge about a
particular subject, especially one concerned with assepts of human behaviour or
society.
· Pupils: person usually young, who is
learning under the close supervision of a teacher at school, a private tutor,
or like; students. In other words is a person who is being taught especially a
child in a school.
· Academic: according to Oxford Advanced
Learner dictionary; defined: connected with education, especially studying in
schools and universities. In other words is the combination of students and
scholars engaged in higher education or research.
· Performance: definition from oxford
Advanced learner dictionary defined it, as how well or badly you do something
or how well or badly something works; or the act or process of performing a
task, an action etc. in other words is an act that involves a lot of effort or
trouble, sometimes when it is necessary. It also be called ‘Achievement”which
means: things are done successfully or fact achieving something.
· Teachingaids: is used in organs
classroom need to reflect current information and research and being designed
foracademic content standards. It is also known as “Instructional Materials”.
· Learning: is the process of learning
or acquiring something. In other words; knowledge that you get from reading and
studying
· Teaching: is the ideas of a particular
person or group, especially about politics, religion, or society etc. that are
taught to other people.
· Curriculum: is the subject that are
included in a course of study or taught in a school, college etc.
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