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EFFECT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THEIR CHOICE OF CAREER
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Meaning and Definition of Guidance and Counselling
Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines guidance as “advice that is given to
somebody especially by someone with more experience while counselling “is a
professional advice about a problem”.
In a
literary meaning guidance is the process of helping an individual to understand
himself and his environment.
According
to Adenigbagbe (2011) guidance is the process of directing, assisting, guiding
an individual to achieve his/her goals. Adenigbagbe (2011) also define
counselling as a professional interaction between a client or individual and a
professional counsellor with the aim of assisting the client to voluntarily
change his behaviour for more productive one.
Several
authors have define guidance and counselling in different various ways.
According to Ferguson (1999) have attempted to clarify the usage of the term by
pointing out the word guidance, as a concept, as an educational construct and
as an educational services to meet a demand.
Counselling, according to English and English (2001) was defines as a
relationship in which one person endeavour to help one another, to understand
and to solve his adjustments problems.
Carl Rogers
(2001) define counselling as a therapeutic endeavour aimed at helping a client
to relax his structure gain new experience and become integrated whole in the
emphatic counselling environment counselling can be defined by Shertzer and
Stone (2004) “as the process of helping an individual to understand himself and
his world”.
UNESCO
(2008) says, guidance and counselling is a professional field which has a broad
range of activities, programmes and services geared toward assisting
individuals to understand themselves, their problems, their school environment
and their world and also to develop adequate capacity for making wise choices
and decisions.
According
to Adenigbagbe (2010) defines guidance and counselling as a subjects that deals
with developmental problems of life or phenomenon problems of human being.
Guidance
and counselling is the process involving a special kind of relationship between
a person who asks for help with a maladative problem and a person who is
trained to provide that help (which is the counsellor).
Counselling
can be done in two different ways:
-
Individual Counselling
-
Group Counselling
Individual
counselling is the counselling in which the counsellor who is skilled in
psychological strategies assists only one at a time in resolving the clients
adjustment problems.
Group
counselling: This is the counselling which allows the counsellor to be involved
with a group of counselee at the same time.
There is no distinct line of demarcation
between guidance and counselling because the two term are interwoven. There is
much guidance in counselling just as counselling entails guidance.
In practice
however, the counselling psychologist should be able to identify where guidance
activities stop and where that of counselling begins. For examples guidance is
said to be more involving because it entails provision of useful information
for path finding whereas, counselling is an aspect of guidance because it is
one of the guidance service which is more intimate and involving means to
resolve problems which require more than mere provision of information.
In terms of
severity of the issues or problem as it affect the personality of an
individual, counselling is more serious than guidance, though they both deal
with the adjustment of individuals within their contexts.
The Importance of
Guidance and Counselling are as the following
-
Guidance and counselling services enable each learner in institutions of
learning to derive optimal educational benefits so as to actualize his/her
potentialities.
-
It helps the students to make meaningful decision and choice.
-
It helps students to interpret his understanding of life experience.
-
It helps the learner to understand himself, his world and to learn how
to meet life demands.
-
It is a profession to make an individual to understand who he is.
-
It also help individual to accept responsibilities for his actions.
-
It assist the student to develop his maximum potential.
- It helps learner to develop in
self-understanding an transfer knowledge gained through this experience to
other event in his later life.
-
Student who have access to counselling programmes reported being more
positive and having greater feelings of belongings and safety in their schools.
-
It promotes student development and academic success.
-
Guidance counsellor also assist in reducing victimization and bullying
behaviour of the students.
-
It helps to address the physical, emotional, social, vocational and
academic difficulties of adolescent students.
-
Counselling services support teachers in the classroom and enable
teachers to provide quality instruction designed to assist students in
achieving high standard.
Who Teaches Guidance and Counselling?
There are
exceptional characteristics which the counsellor is expected to display in the
day-to-day professional practice of his job.
-
The counsellor should be a person who belief in each person as an
individual.
-
He/she should be committed to individual human values.
-
He/she should be alertness to the world.
-
He/she should be open mindedness.
-
He/she should be self-understanding.
-
He/she should have the ability to maintain confidentiality in the
counselling relationship.
-
He/she should always demonstrate positive verbal reinforcement and
showing feelings of concern.
- He/she should treat the person before
him as a fellow human being who is worthy of respect.
The Choice of Career
Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2004) defines Career as the series of jobs that
a person has in a particular area of work, usually involving more
responsibilities as time passes.
It also
mean, the period of time that you spend in your life working or doing a partial
thing.
Adenigbagbe
(2011) defines choice of career as the decision and choice making of an
individual on the series of jobs that a person has in a particular area of
work.
It is the
duty of school guidance counsellor to assist the adolescent student
pre-vocational by guiding him to choose the right subject which can be combined
easily with the choice of future career.
Left
unguided students, are prone to choose subjects without directly relating them
to their interests ability and aptitude and without thinking of their future
careers and the subjects that are pre-requisite for them. For instance, a good
knowledge of Mathematics is required before a student can pursue careers in
Engineering, Economic, Geography etc. When the students want to further their
education, they may encounter difficulties as a result of their wrong choice of
subject which cannot be combined for higher education.
It is the
counsellor responsibilities to expose his students to the career possibility
and limitation of each subjects and their combinations with other subjects.
A good
combination subjects is likely to lead to the choice of a course of study and
eventually a career in which the learner can fulfill himself.
The
combination should be meaningful and should be such that can be passed easily
and be combined for students in higher institutions in order to secure a good
occupation.
Nigeria,
the choice of career are often made at early age of JSS 3 – SS 1 and once the
choice are made, it become very difficult to reverse.
Counsellors
needs to look into this because it is beneficial to the country that the youth
work in positions in which they can make a full contribution to the society.
The dislike
of ones job is a wide spread of job dissatisfaction and frustration in Nigeria
today. The feeling of frustration is even sharper, if it has taken years of
study and experience to became a trained practitioner and if it is apparent
that more years will have to spent (at lower pay) in order to change to another
job.
Most often,
people wish that they could have chosen differently. If such people had
possessed greater insight into the possibilities open or available to them, it
is very likely that they would have made a totally different choice.
There are
some factors needs to be considered when making a choice of career
i. Interest of the choice maker
ii.
Intelligence of the choice maker
iii.
Aptitude and talent of the choice maker
- The
interest as to do with the interest that the choice maker has towards the
particular course, since interest is what a person is fond of doing above
others as it appeals to one’s mind. Therefore, it is necessary to put into
consideration the interest of the students on a particular subjects
combinations before choosing it.
-
Intelligence: The intelligent of the student also is very important. For
instance, a student that is intelligent in the area of Mathematics, Chemistry
and Physics want to read law in the higher institution prone to encounter
difficulties on his way because he needs English language and Government as the
most subjects combined for law course. Intellectual ability remains a
significant factor in educational and occupational choices.
In the
choice of subjects that leads to specific occupations, the students should seek
the assistance of a counsellor to guide them in their choices.
-
Aptitude and talent of the choice maker: Aptitude is an inborn ability
to be able to profit from a course of instruction.
Aptitude
and talent are closely related. Talents refers to that inmate inability which
make a person perform a specific task without making a conscious effort. A
person who shows interest aptitude and talent for a career is likely derived
job satisfaction.
1.2.1 Purpose of
Choosing Career
-
To make the students prepare and be aware of the specific tasks of their
choices.
-
To directs students in cultivating proper attitudes and skills needed to
function in the society particularly in the world of work.
-
To enable students to prepare and develop awareness of the time and
money required of a person be trained and educated for specific career.
1.3 Background of
the Study
Most
students in senior secondary schools find it difficult to choose correctly the
subject combinations in their final exams (WAEC/NECO) which determines their
future choice of career.
The crucial
decisions made may become very difficult to reverse, if wrong choices are make,
it will affect the future life of the students career.
With the
existence of guidance and counselling in the secondary schools, it will really
help students in choosing their subject combinations which will enable them to
be happy in their future career.
In Nigeria,
guidance and counselling was introduced with the aim of directing, helping,
assisting those choosing vocational occupation job, placement, employment
opportunities and advancement.
The Federal
Government included the offering of guidance and counselling courses in the
university curriculum both at the post-graduate and undergraduate programme,
now some colleges of education offer courses in guidance and counselling. This
become compulsory course in the teachers curriculum in tertiary institutions
that train teachers, with the aim of making young men and women teachers in
training to understand human behaviour from the psychological perspective and
the factors that are responsible for the changes in that behaviour.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
The
counsellor occupies a very strategic position in any educational system. The
Federal Government is aware of this fact this is why the re-emphasis is one the
need for guidance and counselling services in the new National Policy on
education (9-3-4) system. It is also clear from the Federal Ministry of
Education that counsellors should operate on full time basis. Also most
principals and teachers are aware of the counsellors’ services. Despite this
fact, it has been observed that the services are not encouraged at the
secondary school level.
Apart from
academic problems of failure and dropout of students, from schools, other
numerous psyco-social, vocational and personal social problems abound among
students in our secondary schools.
The control
or resolution of these problems is always channeled to mainly school
authorities and teachers while the seeking of counsellors attention is always
ignored.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE
RESEARCH
It examines
the important role of guidance and counselling in the secondary schools.
The purpose
of the study is to find out the effect of guidance and counselling on senior
secondary school student in their choice of career.
It also
intends to assist and enlightened the secondary school students when choosing
their subject combinations, especially the senior students when preparing for
their final examination which lead them to their offer courses in higher
institution.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
The outcome of this study may serve as
the basis for arising the government to locate and appoint counsellors in our
secondary schools as guiding the (Adolescent) students in choosing their career
for their future.
The
researcher will also enlightened the administrators in the secondary schools on
the vital role of a counsellor in a school and not an intruders in their
schools.
The
guidance counsellor also will not be looked down on their job which the
government think it is mere luxury.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
The study
is based on the effect of guidance counselling in our school especially the
senior secondary students in their choice of career when choosing it and how
school administrators will embraced counsellors in their schools.
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