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RESPONSIBLE FOR PUPILS’ DROPOUT AND ACHIEVEMENT IN PRIMARY
SCHOOL
ABTRACT
The main purpose of the study was to examine the factors
responsible for pupils dropout and
achievement in primary school in Nsukka
L.G.A of Enugu State. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data
collection. The questionnaire was administered to 100 respondents in the
primary schools in Nsukka L.G.A of Enugu State by the researcher herself. The
data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The cut-off
point was 2.5, any mean score of 2.5 and above was accepted, while any
mean below 2.5 was rejected. The result
of the study showed the factors responsible for pupils dropout, such as
financial constraint, personal or family issues, academic unpreparedness. The
result it of the study also showed the strategies that parents adopt to reduce
their pupils dropout. Moreso, the
results of the study revealed the rate of dropout in Nsukka L.G.A of Enugu
State. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that, there should be
a central organization which will comprise the teachers’ parents and
representatives of national/state primary education boards at national, state
and local government levels. This body
should co-operate and pull resources together in reducing dropout rate in schools.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Education is the
acquisition and application of knowledge in various fields for effective
performance of ones task. The federal, state and local Governments of the federation
place high premium on education they recognize it as a weapon against
ignorance, disease, squalor and poverty and as a means of raising an
enlightened, lively and industrious citizenry and of producing a prosperous
nation.
Education is an
important medium for imparting the cultural traits and for change and
transition and for instructing members of any society on the accepted norms,
values and practices. Omebe (2005) states that the main aim of educational
institution is to bring change in the behaviour of human beings from the time
an individual is born and last till death.
Omebe (2007)
defined education as that training which is given by suitable habits to the
first instincts of virtue in children when pleasure and pain are rightly implanted
in non-rational soul. The particular training in respect of pleasure and pain
which leads on to hate and love what love ought to have and love is called
education.
The federal
government of Nigeria has adopted education as an instrument for excellence for
effecting not only national development but also as a tool in the achievement
of her five national objectives stated in the national policy on education
(2007). These objectives are the building of:
a. A free and
democratic society
b. A just and
egalitarian society
c. A united, strong
and self-reliant nation
d. A great and dynamic
economy
e. A land full of
bright opportunities for all citizens.
This implies
that among other things Nigeria intends producing education for all her
children of school age. This provision of education covers at least from
primary school level to tertiary levels
depending on the individuals academic ability.
National policy
on education (2007:14) defined primary education as the education given in
institutions for children aged 6 to 11 plus since the rest of the education
system is build upon it, the primary level is the key to the success or failure
of the whole system. The duration shall be six years. The goal of primary
education is to:
a. Inculcate permanent
literacy and numeracy and ability to communicate effectively.
b. Lay a sound basis
for scientific and reflective thinking
c. Given citizenship
education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life
of the society.
d. Mould the character
and develop sound attitude and morals in the child.
e. Develop in the
child the ability to adapt to the Child’s changing environment.
f. Give the child
opportunities for developing manipulative skills that will enable the child
function effectively in the society within the limits of the child’s capacity.
g. Provide the child
with basic tools for further educational advancement including preparation for
trades and craft of the locality. These goals will form the basis of primary
education in all the states of the federation.
According to
Emore (2005) Defined dropout as a person who withdrew from conventional or who
never completed his or her education in the primary school or other higher
institution because of one circumstances or the other. The cost of dropping out
of primary school can have a profound effect on a young person’s life. The
relative earnings of primary school dropout experience more unemployment during
their work careers. Young girls who dropout of school are more likely to become
pregnant at young age and single parents Synder
and Sickmud (2005).
The relative
earnings of primary school dropout may be lower than those who completed their
education. Similarly, primary school dropout experience more unemployment
during their work careers. Young girls who drop out of primary school are
forced to take up a nanny job, hawking exercise, farming and planting etc.
Ecological
achievement, During planting and farming season, pupils from the populous
farming and fishing areas are drawn out from schools to help in these
activities. Still speaking on economic, young girls who are unfortunate to come
from a poor background drop out of school due to inability of the parent to
afford school fee, are force into hawking simply to make ends meet. Both boys
and girls dropout of school to take up a nanny job either in their home or
outside their home.
At home to save
the cost of employing a well trained mature nanny who will be suit for the job,
outside the home in order to get paid for and provide for the family needs.
Some times primary schools pupils are forced to take some national assignments
like taking part in census exercise, registration of voters are drawn out of
school to help in these activities .They
are sobering statistics when contrasted with the reality of a work place that
continue to require skills and the ability to embark on careers that require increase
in literacy. More education, enhance technical skills and the ability to embark
on careers that require life long learning without the skills and training that
schooling provide. Davidson (2005:15) states that those who do not complete
their education face a life time of limited opportunities or even possibly a
life delinquency and crime.
The purpose of
this research work is to broaden peoples understanding of dropout by taking
into consideration psychological behavioral risk and protective factors
associated with primary school dropout. Though dropout can be viewed as
personal decision, it should not be forgotten that other contributing factors
such as family, peer relationship, school and individual psychological process
must be taken into consideration.
From a
historical stand-point, research has shown a one sided view as why pupils
dropout of primary school. According to Whelage (2006), it is the
characteristics of students along with their families and cultural background
that are responsible for their dropping out. Whelage (2006) further added that
a more complex and balance picture addressing the cause of dropping out of
school has been identified. There is strong evidence that subject failure and
school disciplinary problem in combination with chaotic personal, social and
family background conditions contribute to dropping out.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
In this study
the researcher is concerned with identification of those factors that bring
about dropout in educational programmes among primary schools in Nsukka local
government area.
Teachers at
times resort to strikes which can last for weeks or month to press their
demand.
Dropout rate
differ by various demographic factors including gender race and ethnicity,
immigration status and geographic location.
Dropout rates in
the United States are higher for males than for females Nigeria may have the
highest dropout rate by far, following by Africa Americans, and Asia American.
Anyanwu (2005) noted that in 2005 the status dropout rate for Nigeria was 27.8
percent while the corresponding rate for Africa Americans and Asia Americans
were 13.1 percent 6.9 percent and 3.8 percent respectively. Individual born
outside the united states have a higher dropout rate than those born in united
states. These are also regional differences in Nigeria with the south and west
having higher dropout rate than the north east and the mid-west. Students in
urban areas are more likely to dropout of primary school than students in
sub-urban areas.
Internationally,
there is considerably variation in dropout rate because different nations are
in different stages of extending universal basic education. Among developed
countries primary education completion rate are generally as high as or higher
than in the United States, though the nature of primary school varies
considerably. Rate in other countries but primary admission and completion rate
has been increasing world wide. There are also differences in dropout rates
associated without socio-economic and demographic factors. One notable
demographic difference concern rate for males and females, Females are less
likely to dropout in developed countries and in Latin American and Caribbean,
but females are more likely to dropout prior to primary education completion in
the rest of the world. It is against this back drop that the researcher intends
to diagnose the factors responsible pupils dropout and their achievement among
primary school pupils.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose
of this study is to investigate the factors responsible for pupil’s dropout in
primary school in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu state. Specifically the
study sought to find out the following:
1. To find out the
factors responsible for pupils dropout in primary schools.
2. To find out the
strategies that parent adopt to reduce
their pupil dropout rate.
3. To investigate the
rate of dropout in primary school in Nsukka L.G.A of Enugu state.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
Achieving a
significant result is highly imperative in any empirical study. Mostly, the
result of this study will be useful to government, parents, curriculum planners
and the students.
Also findings of
this study will be of benefit to parent by understanding that they should give
support of education to their children. It will help parents by knowing that
children are the leaders of tomorrow and school dropout could be dangerous to
their children’s future.
Also, this will
help government to supply the missing link if any in its future plan for
educational progress.
However, it will
be of benefit to curriculum planners by providing the planned experiences
provided by the school to assist the pupils in attaining the designated
learning outcomes. Again, it is expected that the result of this findings will
expose the problem associated with school dropout and it consequence to the
development of Nigerian education.
More
significantly, apart from increasing the volume of literature in emerging
research work, the findings of the study will aid government for its policy
making and will assist student to a great extent who may wish to conduct a
research which is related to this one.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
This research work
covers the factors responsible for pupil’s dropout in primary school in Nsukka
L.G.A of Enugu State. In the course of the study, these factors will be
highlighted and tackled properly to reduce the incidence or rate of dropout,
the study is expected to suggest possible ways in which the rate of dropout
will be minimized.
1.6 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The following research question is designated to guide the
study.
1. What are the
possible causes of dropout in primary school?
2. What strategies do
parents adopts to reduce the incidents of their student dropout?
3. What are the rates
of dropout in Nsukka L.G.A of Enugu State.
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