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TRENDS OF
ICT (AUDIO-VISUALS) IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
The era of
the teacher being a reservoir of knowledge is past. The world is moving at a
jet speed as a result of advancement in technology. More, importantly,
technology entails information and communication which can be defined as the
handling and processing of information (texts, images, graphs, instruction etc)
for use by means of electronic and communication devices such as computer,
cameras, telephones etc (Ozoji in Oleabhiele, 2015).
The rapid
growth in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has brought
remarkable changes in our contemporary society. The use of ICT is already
indispensable in the area of educational research. ICTs are the technologies
used in conveying, manipulating and storing data by electronic means. They
provide an array of powerful tools that may help in transforming the present
isolated teacher-centered and text-bound classrooms into rich, student-focused,
interactive knowledge environments.
Modern theories
of teaching suggest that the instructional process should be learner-centred
for teaching and learning to be effective. In the traditional classroom,
learners do not demonstrate reasonable understanding of concepts while only a
few of them dominate the instructional process because significant interaction
is absent (Duggan, Palmer & Devitt, 2007). A strategy that promotes the
learner-centred method of learning as well as of interaction between the
instructors and the learners is the pivotal objective of information and
communication technology (ICT).
Early years
in life are the most important to the formation of intelligence, personality
and social behaviour of a child. The year before a child reaches Kindergarten
are among the most critical in his or her life to influence learning. That is
why modern societies show serious concern for the education of their young ones
by providing needed support to prepare them to succeed later in school (Ejieh,
2006). It is common practice in most societies to make provision for early
childhood education programmes of various sorts for children below the official
school-going age (usually 6years) mainly to prepare them for education in
primary schools (Obidike, 2012). The Federal Government of Nigeria recognizes
the importance of early childhood education in Nigeria and as a result it was
given prominence in the National Policy of Education (FRN, 2004) as one of the
programmes in the Nigerian educational system.
Mahuta
(2007) also stated that the aim of Early Childhood Education (ECE) is to foster
the proper development of the children, identify and address their problems,
harness their potentials, mould their character, enhance their learning, equip
them for life, so that their actions are channeled towards positive personal,
communal and global development in all ramifications of life.
In today’s
world, ICT has become an important component of our life. In this context,
internet access and exposure to video-games, computers and mobile phones at a
very young age are rising globally. This change has been recognised by both
researchers and policy makers and attempts have been made to investigate the
potential of ICT to support early childhood education effectively through a
variety of functions. Several researchers claim that ICT carries the potential
to support education administration and management, student access to quality
education, professional development of teachers and development of locally
relevant content. But to what extent could ICT be beneficial as a learning tool
for children in the early years (0-6 years of age)?
Creative and
innovative applications of ICT have been used as important potential tools by
both parents and early childhood educators in order to provide support for
children’s early learning at home and within early year settings. Although
there are certain critics against the introduction of ICT in early childhood
education, a number of studies have shown that ICT, when used responsibly, can
actually support children’s learning by offering beneficial opportunities in
the areas of language and communication, emergent literacy and reading
readiness, mathematical thinking, creativity, and positive attitudes towards
learning. Besides, for many children, who need additional support in order to
participate effectively in classroom settings, such as children with
disabilities and children from culturally or linguistically diverse
backgrounds, ICT can provide a technological solution to overcome some of their
impairment and be included in appropriate and meaningful learning opportunities
facilitating their inclusion in the society (UNESCO, 2010).
ICT/Audio-Visuals
can facilitate differentiation and individualization in education. It makes it
possible to tailor both the content and the presentation of the subject matter
to the individual background, experience and needs of students. In addition, as
Schiller & Tillett (2004) said “audio-visuals enhances what is possible by
amplifying what teachers are able to do, by providing an entry point to content
and enquiries that were not possible without the use of audio-visuals, by
extending what students are able to produce as a result of their
investigations, and finally by providing teachers with the opportunity to
become learners again.”
Whether in
fact ICT/audio-visuals is negatively or positively related to pupils’
educational development is an issue that remains open to empirical studies.
Hence, the undertaking of this research seeks to investigate the relative
trends of ICT (Audio-Visuals) in Early Childhood Education.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
One of the
major problems among pupils in Early Childhood Education in Nigeria is
inability to remember what has been learnt. This problem is often caused by too
much theoretical expression by the teachers while the pupils remain as passive
listeners. These problems confronting the objective of Early Childhood
Education can be handled using slide presentations, audio-visuals presentation
process and other interactive ICT software facilities in which a pupil interacts
with and is guided by visual equipment aimed at achieving certain instructional
goals.
The link
between information and communication technology (ICT) and Early Childhood
Education (ECE) is generating some interesting debates. Many scholars have argued
that ICT is still a new phenomenon and too sophisticated. That it is still very
much unclear and complex how it can support Early Childhood Education (ECE),
for instance the Alliance for Childhood (2000) argues, for the removal of
computers in American schools, as they consider that the use of computers is
dangerous for children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development. On
the other hand, Jones (2002) disputed these claims, as his research indicates
that children were spending far more time watching television than working on
computers. In view of this discrepancy, there is a need to examine the relative
trends of ICT (Audio-Visuals) in Early Childhood Education.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose
of this study is to explore the trends of ICT (Audio-Visuals) in Early
Childhood Education. Other specific objectives are:
Firstly, to
find out if the use of ICT enhances pupils’ educational development.
Secondly, to
investigate the impact of the use of audio-visuals on pupils’ retention rate.
Thirdly, to
determine the roles of teachers’ know-how in implementing and integrating ICT
within the early childhood context.
Fourthly, to
examine the impact of ICT on early childhood education.
Lastly, to
examine the challenges of ICT/audio-visuals in early childhood education.
1.4 Research Questions
This study
will be guided by the following research questions:
a) What is the impact of ICT on pupils’
educational development?
b) What is the impact of the use of
audio-visuals on pupils’ retention rate?
c) What are the roles of teachers’ know-how in
implementing and integrating ICT within the early childhood context?
d) What is the impact of ICT on early childhood
education?
e) What are the challenges of
ICT/audio-visuals in early childhood education?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
researcher intends to test the following research hypotheses:
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between
the use of ICT and pupils’ educational development.
Ho2: There is no significant impact of the use of
audio-visuals on pupils’ retention rate.
Ho3: There is no significant impact of teachers’
know-how on implementing and
integrating ICT within the early
childhood context.
Ho4: There is no significant relationship between
the use of ICT and early childhood
education
Ho5: There are no challenges of ICT/audio-visuals
in early childhood education
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