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PREVALENCE
OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Drug abuse
is a social problem that has spread and increased rapidly in our educational
institutions especially among the undergraduates’ students. In Nigeria, this
social mal adaptation is considered an issue of serious concern as it adversely
affects the lives and performance of students involved as well as the
harmonious functioning of the entire structure of the society. Drug abuse and
other associated problems are inimical to the survival and effective
functioning of human societies. A significant number of untimely deaths and
accidents have been ascribed to the activities of persons under the influence
of one drug or the other (Amosun, Ige and Ajala, 2010).
Drug abuse
is a major public health problem all over the world (UNODC, 2005). The use and
abuse of drugs by undergraduates have become one of the most disturbing health
related phenomena in Nigeria and other parts of the world (NDLEA cited in
Josephine, 2014). Several school going youths experience mental health problem,
either temporarily or for a long period of time. Some become insane,
maladjusted to school situations and eventually drop out of higher
institutions.
In Nigeria
today, the consequences of drug abuse are diverse, including acute and chronic
health, social as well as psychological problem. There is disruption of interpersonal
relationships particularly within the family, marginalization, criminal
behaviour, school failure, vocational problems and failure to achieve normal
undergraduates’ milestones, yet these undergraduates are expected to be the
leaders of the country in the future when they do not even have any focus for
the future. Several studies carried out among undergraduate students in Nigeria
by Jairus, Vanen, Ode, Jerry, Isaac, Wallace, Ode and Terlumun (2017); Philip,
Edna and Samson (2016); Adegboro (2014); Babalola, Ogunwale and Akinhanmi
(2013) found out that students and youth of easy virtue in the universities are
involved in cannabis abuse and stimulants such as amphetamines and cannabis.
The consensus of opinion therefore seems to be that undergraduates are also
seriously involved in drug and substance abuse.
Drug abuse
has become such a problem of great concern to all well meaning Nigerian and
particularly the Federal Government to the extent that an Agency has been
established to combat the social disease with a view to reducing the spread of
drug abuse to the barest minimum or eradicating it totally but the impact of
the Agency is yet to be felt as drug abuse among undergraduates pervades.
The Nigerian
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has stated that drug abuse is a
major problem in schools (NDLEA cited in Josephine, 2014). Many of these
behaviors are heavily tied to the peer culture, as children learn from and
imitate the peers they like and admire. Wanting to be attractive to others becomes
very important in adolescence, and this factor is significant in the
development of eating disorders, alcohol consumption, tobacco and drug use,
tanning, not practicing safe sex, and vulnerability to injury, among other
behaviour. These adolescent who get involved in such risky behaviour often have
high levels of conflict with their parents and poor self control, suggesting
that they engage in such behaviour to manage a stressful life (Taylor, 2003).
Parental deprivation due to deaths, divorces, separation or discord has also
been strongly associated with drug abuse (Odejide cited in Josephine, 2014).
Majority of
the Nigerian undergraduates ignorantly depend on one form of drug or the other
for their various daily activities such as social, educational, political,
moral etc. such drug include tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine , morphine, Heroine,
Alcohol, Epherdrine, Madras, caffeine, Glue, Barbiturates, Amphetamines etc.
Oshikoya and Alli (2006) in their studies on perception of Drug Abuse amongst
Nigerian undergraduates identified dependence and addiction as one of the major
consequence of drug abuse, characterized by compulsive drug craving seeking
behaviour, are use that persist even in the face of negative consequences.
The alarming
evidence in the prevalence of drug abuse, the effects and consequences among
undergraduates has called for concern and challenge to all helping professions
to mount strategies of equipping youths with skills of living devoid of drug
abuse.
1.2 Statement of Problem
It is
generally observed that the majority of university undergraduates arrogate
specific deadlines to their stay on campus and may want to maximize both the
main and peripheral opportunities while it lasts with the perception that the
society still regards them as late adolescents or youths who could be excused
for certain misdemeanors. Unfortunately, while passing out on record time is
highly appreciated, passing through the university campus without allowing the
university decorum to pass through the undergraduates is quite sad and
drug-dependent life- style is an index of this.
Having to
adjust to the transitional period between the Secondary School-bell controlled
system and the self controlled life on campus may be quite problematic for some
students hence the need to regulate life-style and study-habit by the use of
some drugs thereby abusing them. Not knowing when to stop is self-defeating
hence it falls into life-style giving the users the label ‘abusers’.
Equally
disturbing is undergraduates perceptual error and attitude to use drugs to
combat real or imagined fear of failure either by boosting self-esteem/self-confidence
or by underscoring focused determination to achieve academic goal on record
time. This may be adopted as an escape mechanism from the draconian laws of
‘being advised to withdraw’ or having an extension without cognizance of the
pernicious effects of drug abuse.
More
worrisome is the peculiar sociological and socio-economic problems that
university students find themselves such as unbridled freedom,
possession/control of too much money, poor role-models, too-much play and
less-work syndrome, irrational ambition, doggedness and self-medication. All
these are manifestations of deliberate indulgence in unrecompensed,
unprescribed, unnecessary and excessive drug use to keep life going on the
campus.
The problem
of drug abuse is so grave that though it was originally conceived as the
problem of a ‘select few’, it has extended beyond the usual characteristics of
abusers being male, adult and urban based people to now include female,
youngsters and rural dwellers. These abusers erroneously perceive and believe
that drugs enhance their performance, put them in good mood, the accompany
problems of this act constitute a major threat to the well-being of the
society.
Drug abuse
causes a lot of risk among the undergraduates; it results to gang formation,
armed robbery, mental illness, cultism among others. It is against this
backdrop that this research seeks to investigate prevalence of drug abuse among
undergraduate students with a special reference to students of the Benue State
University, Makurdi.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general
objective of this study is to explore the prevalence of drug abuse among
undergraduate students in Nigeria. Other specific objectives of this study are
to:
a. To investigate the perception and attitude
of undergraduate students towards drug abuse.
b. To examine the effect of drug use on
undergraduate’s academic performance.
c. To assess the relationship between peer
group influence and substance abuse among undergraduate students in Nigeria.
d. To investigate the link between excessive
alcohol intakes and youths social wellbeing in higher institutions.
e. To find out the health implications of drug
abuse among undergraduate students.
f. Lastly, the study shall provide plausible
recommendations on how to build right perception and attitude towards drug
abuse among undergraduate students.
1.4 Research Questions
The
undertaking of this research project will beam a searchlight on the following
research questions;
1. What is the perception and attitude of
undergraduate students towards drug abuse?
2. What is the effect of drug use on undergraduate’s
academic performance?
3. Is there any relationship between peer group
influence and substance abuse among undergraduate students in Nigeria?
4. What are the health implications of drug
abuse among undergraduate students?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
researcher intends to test the following hypotheses at 0.05 level of
significance:
Hypothesis
one:
H0: Perception and attitude of undergraduate
students is not responsible for drug abuse.
Hypothesis
Two:
H0: Drug use has no negative effect on
undergraduate’s academic
performance
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