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FAMILY AND
SCHOOL CLIMATE AS PREDICTORS OF CHILDREN’S VULNERABILITY TO CHILD TRAFFICKING
ABSTRACT
The study
was carried out to determine if family and school climate
predict
children’s vulnerability to trafficking in Anambra State. In
pursuance of
the above objective, six research questions and six
hypotheses
guided the study. The instrument used for data collection was
a researcher
designed questionnaire titled “Students’ Vulnerability to
Trafficking
Questionnaire (SVTQ)”. Copies of the instrument were given to
experts in
the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to
validate and
their corrections were effected. To test the reliability of the
instrument,
copies of the instrument were given to 50 Senior Secondary
School
students and the result was analyzed using Cronbach Alpha
Statistics.
No of respondents used as sample were 1164. The sampling
technique
used was multistage sampling design. Stratified random
sampling was
used to select the three education zones while simple
random
sampling with replacement was used to select the four schools
used in each
education zone. Purposive sampling method was used in
selecting
100 children used in each school. The data were analyzed using
Pearson
Product Moment Correlation for the research questions and
Multiple
Regression for the hypotheses. The findings showed that family
and school
climate are predictors of children’s vulnerability to trafficking.
Family
socio-economic status, family size, family structure, family climate,
teacher-student
relationship and student-student relationship
significantly
predict children’s vulnerability to trafficking. Based on the
findings,
implications were highlighted and recommendations were made
among them
is creating awareness of the modern day slavery-trafficking.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Human
Trafficking is any action or transaction that
transfers a
person from one person or group of persons to
another for
remuneration or any other benefits. Gbadamosi
(2006)
describes human trafficking as the recruitment,
transportation,
transfer, harbouring or receipt of person, by the
means of
threat, or use of force or other forms of coercion, or of
abduction,
fraud, or of deception, of abuse of power or of a
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position of
vulnerability or of giving or receiving of payment or
benefits to
achieve the consent of a person having control over
another
person, for the purposes of exploitation.
Exploitation
includes any form of sexual exploitation,
forced
labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or
the removal of human organs. Traffickers may
result in an
illegal entry into a country and includes internal as
well as
external trafficking and displacement of the victim
(International
Bureau for Children’s Right (IBCR), 2011).
Human
trafficking involves the recruitment,
transportation,
transfer, receipt or harboring of persons for the
purpose of
exploitation (typically in the sex industry and for
forced
labour). Human Trafficking, as explained by
International
Organization for Migration (I.O.M) (2007), is
trafficking
of human beings which occurs when a migrant is
illicitly
recruited, kidnapped, sold and / or moved, either within
national or
across international borders. It went further to say
that intermediaries
(traffickers), during any part of the process,
obtain
economic or other profit by means of deception, coercion
and for
other forms of exploitation under conditions that violate
the
fundamental rights of migrants.
In Nigeria,
human trafficking may include domestic
servitude,
illegal and bonded labour, false adoption, sex tourism
and
entertainment, pornography, organized begging, organ
harvesting
and other criminal activities. Organ harvesting,
sometimes
referred to as organ laundering, involves the
trafficking
of humans for the purpose of selling their organs for
money.
1
15
Child
trafficking is modern slavery for children under 18
years. It is
a widespread phenomenon in the world in general
and in
developing countries like Nigeria in particular. Child
trafficking,
according to International Labour Organisation
(ILO),
(2004), is a modern form of slavery that involves
displacing a
child for the purpose of exploitation. This can be for
exploitation,
forced labour or services, slavery or practices
similar to
slavery, servitude or removal of internal organs.
Children are
trafficked globally and domestically for both
labour and
sex. UNICEF (2006) wrote that child labour takes
forms and
include domestic servitude, exploitation in
agricultural
services, and manufacturing industries, sexual
exploitation,
use of children in armed forces, drug trades and
child
begging. Child trafficking, according to Reuters and West
(2003), is
sex trafficking where commercial sex act is induced by
force,
fraud, coercion or one in which the person induced to
perform such
acts has not attained 18years of age.
Child
trafficking in Nigeria is a demand-driven
phenomenon –
the existence of an international market for
children in
the labour and sex trade, coupled with an abundant
supply of
children from poor families with limited or no means
for
education in a cultural context that favours child fostering
(ILO, 2002).
In addition, ILO (2002) noted that parents’
unemployment,
broken homes, displacement, peer influence
and poor
living standards drive children to trafficking. Children
living in
rural areas in Anambra State often lack access to
quality
education, good health and other basic needs which
make their
parents to entrust them into the hands of other
family
members who are more financially stable to help them.
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