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THE ROLE OF
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) IN PEACE BUILDING IN MAIDUGRI, NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Highest on
the list of prime value for Maiduguri a town in Bornu state, Nigeria, is peace.
Peace is the most valuable public commodity, yet the most elusive (Francis
David, 2006). These four years (2009-2014) of Insurgency has brought loss of
lives and halted economic activities in various parts of Maiduguri. The
activities of bokoharam have brought devastating effects on Maiduguri which has
resulted in loss of lives both human and livestock, suffering, destruction of infrastructures and
public/private facilities, disruption of economic/socio-economic activities
like agricultural, trade etc. This situation has threatened not only the
internal peace and security of Maiduguri but also the peace in Nigeria and beyond.
So alarming is the fact that most of these areas affected by insurgency lack
the will to stop this social charade and have fallen prey to continuous usury
and subtle manipulation by politicians who take advantage of this situation to
involve in shady deals like kidnapping and arm deals using insurgency as a
cover (Chiedu, 2013). Peace building has therefore become the most pressing
challenge faced by Nigeria at large and Maiduguri in particular. This situation
is so partly because of feudal system of leadership which encourages total
submission to authority without question which carries with it, ineffective
terror control means.
Despite the
effort of government through its institutions like the armed forces, religious
bodies, NGOs etc, to curb the excesses of insurgence in Maiduguri, peace has
continued to elude her and sustainable
development, stopped. On that note, this project will seek to show the role of
NGOs in peace building in Maiduguri.
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Although
insurgency is not easily defined, it may be said to be the use of force,
usually violent, as a means of coercing a target population to submit to the
will of the terrorists (Asika,4:2009). Insurgency is intended to elicit or
maximise fear and publicity, making no distinction as to combatants and non
combatants in a conflict.
There is no
legally agreed upon definition of the term ‘Insurgency’, but a recent United
Nations (UN) document describes it as any ‘act which is intended to cause death
or serious bodily harm to civilians or non combatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international
organisation to do or abstain from doing any act’. The word ‘Insurgency’ is
both emotionally and politically laden, particularly as it imports issues of
national liberation and self-determination. Insurgency takes many forms,
including political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious and
ecological issues. The taxonomy of Insurgency, including precipitating
motivations and considerations, is now a subject of intense study. Whether the
one as seen in Maiduguri can be reduced to a type may be an interesting
subject, but for purposes of this work, the primary concern is the threat of
insurgency. Insurgency is one objective of organised terrorism, just as
terrorism is one of several strategies of insurgency. Both terrorism and
insurgency may be used by states in their internal operations. Terrorism and
terrorist tactics constitute part of the strategies and tactics of insurgency. The
operational tactics are essentially those of guerilla warfare. The object is to
intimidate, frustrate and raise the feeling of uncertainty, imminent danger and
the loss of hope, so as to cripple or limit all aspects of human activity and
normal livelihoods. Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, MEND and, lately, Jama’atu
Ahlissunnah Lidda’anati Wal Jihad, are currently international and local
Nigerian examples of terrorist networks. Until recently, Nigerian terrorist
activity was thought to be motivated by ethnocentric considerations. Currently,
there appears to be a pronounced religious content in the character of
insurgency in Maiduguri. A few of the earlier experiences merit examination
here, as a guide in estimating the character, trend and intensity of the
current campaign, as well as the role of NGOs in peace building in Maiduguri.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Previous
research works on the role of NGOs in peace building in Insurgency affected
areas especially Maiduguri shows that there is no government that can take on
single handily, the weight of peace building in form of aid. Among the various
actors that participate in these processes are the nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), which fulfil a pivotal role in terms of establishing and
maintaining essential services like assisting refugees and internally displaced
populations and helping to strengthen societies.
NGOs
increasingly work "in the field," providing humanitarian relief and
development assistance in post terror places like Maiduguri. As they carry out
their work, they face many serious problems. Insurgency often deny them access
to those in need, terrorist groups demand payoffs, and local violence threatens
the safety and even the lives of field personnel. Donors also subject these
NGOs to political pressure, diminishing their neutrality. Nongovernmental
Organizations face a lot of challenges in the discharge of their duties often
caused by Insurgent activities. They are faced with the dilemma; should they
negotiate with terrorists to deliver aid, or should they maintain independence
and impartiality. Some Nigerian agencies like WACOL operate only through local
partners because they cannot negotiate with terrorist-affiliated groups. Red
Cross has resorted to having armed escorts and allow Movement for Peace in
Maiduguri (MFPIM) and Africa Awake to supervise the aid distribution. Although
impartiality is valuable for the long term operation in Maiduguri, humanitarian
aid agencies feel they are forced to compromise these principles in an effort
to gain aid access according Osueke (2006)
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
With the
spate at which insurgence has dealt a heavy blow on Maiduguri, economically,
socially and otherwise, this research work will seek to highlight challenges of
insurgency. Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), the role of NGOs in peace
building in Maiduguri and the way forward.
So as to
achieve the purpose of this research the following will be looked into:
To assess the role of NGOs in Peace
Building.
To examine the effectiveness of NGOs in the
peace building in restive areas in the North East.
To identify the way forward for NGOs in
the peace building campaign.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
So as to
achieve the objectives stated above, the following research questions were used
as a guide in achieving the objectives of this research work:
What are the roles of NGOs in peace
building?
How effective have NGOs been in peace
building in Maiduguri?
What is the way forward for NGOs in the
peace building campaign?
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
To solve the
problems mentioned in the research questions, the following hypothesis are
formulated:
Ho: NGOs are
not effective in the peace building campaign
H1: NGOs are
not effective in the peace building campaign
SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDY
One of the
benefits of this research work is to researchers and academics. It will be of
tremendous help to governments and their agencies in tackling insurgency and
the challenges that comes with it.
The findings
and recommendations of the researcher will help bring to the fore the role of
Nongovernmental Organizations in peace building coupled with limitations to
their work.
It will also
be readily available for international organizations that may need insight into
what it is like for NGOs working in Maiduguri.
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
This
research work focuses solely on the role of Nongovernmental Organization in
peace building in Maiduguri. It also touched the challenges of Insurgency and
how it affects the work of NGOs.
Based on the
findings of this study, another research area touched is Peace building.
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
This
research work was carried out under a tight schedule. The time frame was short
in between lectures and private studies.
Another
limitation faced by the researcher was delay in data collection from the
various respondents. Most respondents were too busy to fill up the
questionnaires due to their work schedule. This almost delayed the work.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Insurgency:
An insurgency is a rebellion against a constituted authority (for example, an
authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in
the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents
Peace
Building: Peace building is a process that facilitates the establishment of
durable peace and tries to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing
root causes and effects of conflict through reconciliation, institution
building, and political as well as economic transformation.
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