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PEACE IN
NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA; THROUGH REMODELING NIGERIA’S COUNTER TERRORISM APPROACH,
AFTER THE UNSC’S INITIATIVE FOR GLOBAL PEACE
ABSTRACT
Ever since
the Nigerian Civil War, no other situation or crisis has taken many lives and
forced millions out of their homes and place of livelihood like the Boko Haram
terrorism crisis in the northeastern part of Nigeria. For almost a decade the
terroristic actions of the Boko Haram group has plagued the Nigerian government
and her populace. The research investigated peace in the North East Nigeria
through remodeling Nigeria’s counter terrorism approach, after the stipulations
of the UNSC’s initiative for global peace.
The study
adopted the qualitative approach using secondary data to solve the research
problem. Findings revealed that Nigeria has adopted both military and non
military approaches in counterterrorism. Military operations by joint task
force, creation of civilian joint task force and coalition of African forces
are the military approaches enumerated in the analysis; Results further show
how the UNSC’s initiative for global peace can aid Nigeria in acquiring and
maintaining peace within its borders indicating that soft and hard power is
necessary for peacekeeping and peace building effort; Nigerian government is
aligning its counterterrorism efforts with the UNSC’s initiative for global
peace in the area of military operations and negotiations through the created
committees; These factors militating against the proper execution of Nigeria's
counter terrorism approach were identified to be North-South power tussle,
porous borders, bad governance and corruption, poor funding and brutality of
the Security Forces, poverty, unemployment and ignorance and rejection of
Western education and values.
Conclusively,
this study as revealed that It showed that Nigeria has adopted both military
and non military approaches in counterterrorism. Base on the findings indicated
to this study, it is therefore recommended among others that government should
improve on infrastructural development projects; There should be a
diversification of the economy; All births should be registered. Those that
have not been registered hitherto should be registered irrespective of their
ages; Anti-corruption should not be based on party, religious or ethnic
sentiments: those involved in corruption should be swiftly prosecuted and
convicted.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
It has been
quoted by Pastor E. A. Adeboye that ‘war is sweet (because of the victory that
comes after it) but peace is sweeter’ (because life flourishes in peace). It is
on this notion, I believe the United Nations as an internationally recognized,
world governing body exists; to establish, enforce and maintain world peace.
The United Nation is the number one international organization in the world
that covers all sovereign states in the world, it is a body which was set up in
1945, after series of conferences held to its account, to determine its
purpose, structure, functions and responsibilities. It a poster child of the
2nd world war, as the League of Nations is of the 1st world war. After the
horrific events of the 2nd world war the United Nations was set up to ensure
world peace and to ensure that such an experience never repeats itself again,
in world history. The United Nations (UN) as a world governing body oversees
relations amongst states and amongst other subjects of international law
(private individuals, NGO etc.) in the international community.
The central
objective of this world organization is the achievement of ‘international or
universal peace’, as stated in Article 1 (paragraphs 1 and 2) of ‘the Charter
of the United Nations’.
So without a
doubt, one can recognize the fact that the pivotal aim of the UN is the
maintenance of Global peace. It achieves this through various avenues such as
the signing and supervision of treaties, trade relations and even sports (Basu,
2013). These various avenues and strategies are collectively referred to as
‘Initiative for Global peace’, to which this study will deal on extensively in
subsequent pages.
The exact
principle organ of the UN responsible for the maintenance of Global peace is
the United Nations Security Council. It is the organ chiefly responsible for the
maintenance and enforcement of Global peace (in terms of quelling conflicts,
encouraging alternative methods of dispute resolution checkmating tyrannical
administrations or government and making sure that war hungry war lords are
kept from waging wars and conquering territories belonging to other nations).
It is also the organ principally responsible for the strategizing and drafting
of the various plans and avenues on how to keep the global peace. Hence these
strategies and avenues when originated from the UNSC as touching matters of
security and peace keeping are properly referred to as “United Nations Security
Council’s initiative (strategy) for Global Peace”.
These
initiatives have gone through various stages and phases over the years; it has
taken various approaches and focuses over the years. At one time (from the
1960s to the 1990s) it focused on quelling raging conflicts in Africa brought
about by coup d’états, military rules and tyrannical regimes. It aided Nigeria
in different ways to get back on the part of peace and democracy, from a time
of civil-war and dictatorial rule. It did this by mounting pressure on the
government of Nigeria, through sanctions and bans it placed on the country, and
persisted until the dictatorial government finally agreed to surrender power to
a peaceful democratic government. This can be seen in the periods of 1967
during the civil-war and the time of late General Sani Abacha in 1998 (Achebe,
2012).
However,
Nigeria today is still ranked as part of the top 20 most-dangerous countries to
live in; according to heritage foundation, USA. Specifically in the
North-eastern part of the country, peace is a word that is only found in the
dictionary and is the opposite of what citizens of Nigeria in that part of the
country experience on a daily basis. Even as this paper is being written (on
the 11th of November, 2018) there are all manner of shootings, bombing,
kidnapping etcetera. The death toll in that part of the country keeps
increasing and this is in a state of no war. The level of crisis and terrorism
has escalated to the point where the state government imposes all manner of
curfews in attempts to control the situation, including 24 hour curfews (like
in southern Kaduna). This will lead one to beg the question, what is Nigeria’s
counter terrorism approach, is it really being utilized, does it not require
some form of appraisal or review after over seven years streak of failure and how
can the United Nations Security Council’s initiative for global peace help
Nigeria out of this barrage of anarchy, conflict, killings and outright
terrorism that has plague the country for over seven years now. The terrorist
group responsible for a major part of the situation in the northern part of
Nigeria is known as the Boko Haram. The terroristic movements of the Boko Haram
can be traced to as far back as 2009. They were officially engaged by the
Nigerian Army, as an insurgent group in 2012 (Non international armed
conflict). However their attacks peaked in April 2014 when the group abducted
two hundred and seventy six secondary school girls; “the Chibok girls” (BBC
News, 2018). There have been other cases of conflicts and crisis that have
threatened the peace of the country such as; the Niger Delta militants (South
south), violent protests of the Independent people of Biafra (South south), the
bloody killings of Fulani Herdsmen (North) etcetera, but none have really
threaten both civilians and the government like the Boko Haram terrorist group.
With this
there is no doubt that there is a desperate cry for long lasting peace and
security all over the country especially in Northern Nigeria. The citizens of
Nigeria, have in many cases been seen and heard crying out for intervention,
from both the Nigerian government and from the international community. This
paper seeks to understudy the terrorism situation in the north-eastern part of
Nigeria, particularly the Boko Haram problem. This paper will look at the
terrorism situation in North-East Nigeria; it will review Nigeria’s counter
terrorism approach as well as the initiatives or strategies advocated by the
United Nations Security Council for Global peace. This paper is designed to at
the end of the day provide an ‘up to date’ outlook of the terrorism situation
in North-East Nigeria as well as proffer probable and workable solutions to the
terrorism situation, by reviewing Nigeria’s counter terrorism approach, through
the lens of the United Nations Security Council’s initiatives for Global peace.
1.2 Statement of problem
Ever since
the Nigerian Civil War, no other situation or crisis has taken many lives and
forced millions out of their homes and place of livelihood like the Boko Haram
terrorism crisis in the northeastern part of Nigeria. For almost a decade the
terroristic actions of the Boko Haram group has plagued the Nigerian government
and her populace.
According to
the (New York Times. Associated Press. 18th November 2015); tens of thousands
have been killed by the group and as many as 2.3 million persons have been
displaced from their homes, as at 2015. Till today Boko Haram remains a serious
problem in the northeastern part of Nigeria. Only in 2018 alone the terrorist
group has killed over 4000 persons including military personals and the police
(BBC News, 2018). Despite all these the Nigerian Government has still been
incapable of silencing the terroristic actions of the Boko Haram. Nigeria has
seen two different Government Administrations approach this problem with little
or no result from their effort. This study however suggests that we as scholars
should look away from the type of government or lack of ammunition as the bane
of Nigeria’s incapability to subdue the Boko Haram terrorist group and instead
take a look at the approach or strategy being applied by the Nigerian
Government to its dilemma of terrorism (its counter terrorism approach).
The reason
this study suggests that a lack of proper, competent, proven and applicable
strategies may be the biggest stumbling block to the Nigerian state finally
getting rid of the Boko Haram dilemma is simply for these reasons amongst
others: the first being that the Boko Haram terroristic actions is based on a
strong ideology which they believe to be divine, hence fighting to outgun them
will only strengthen their resolve to employ more means and recruit more
persons to achieve their ideology (Nwankpa, 2014). Another reason is that
Nigeria as a country has enough resources; in terms of money or revenues to buy
the arms and ammunitions needed to handle this terrorist group. Also in terms
of man power (as the military might alone of the Nigerian Army is over 90,000
foot soldier which totally outnumbers the Boko Haram terrorist group) (United
Nations Peacekeeping, 2019); Therefore with these reasons this paper supports
the proposition that Nigeria’s “Boko Haram enigma” is more than a man power
problem or a government Administration problem or a lack of arms and ammunition
problem but a problem of the application of the right strategy.
Hence, this
study believes that Nigeria does have a problem in its strategy employed to
combat and submit the Boko Haram Terrorist group. This study seeks to
critically analyze and schematize this strategy through the lens of the UNSC’s
initiative for global peace.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The
objective of this study is divided into two categories; the main objectives and
the specific objectives.
The main
objective of the study is: to achieve Peace in Northeastern Nigeria; through
remodeling Nigeria’s counter terrorism approach, after the stipulations of the
UNSC’s initiative for global peace;
The specific
objectives of the study are to:
review Nigeria’s counter-terrorism
approach;
examine the United Nations Security
Council’s initiative for global peace;
examine how the UNSC’s initiative for
global peace can aid Nigeria in acquiring and maintaining peace within its
borders;
investigate how much Nigeria’s counter
terrorism approach already aligns with the UNSC’s initiative for global peace,
with an intention of re-aligning any discrepancies.
1.4 Research Questions
What is/are the counter terrorism
approaches used by the Nigerian government to fight Boko Haram?
What constitutes the United Nations
Security Council’s initiative for global peace?
How can the UNSC’s initiative for global
peace aid Nigeria in acquiring and maintaining peace within its borders?
How much is Nigeria’s counter terrorism
approach aligned with the UNSC’s initiative for global peace?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Today in
Nigeria, news of mass death is a common phenomenon; it is as common as greeting
an elder ‘good morning’ (which is very common in Africa). News of Mass deaths
caused by; Pipe-line explosions, accidents with a product-carrying taker, not
to mention ‘ritual killings’ are the order of the day, yet chief among these
causes of mass deaths, is that caused by terrorism attacks (Suicide bombing,
raiding of villages, schools, market places etc.). This study is desperate
about assuaging this particular cause of death (terrorism) by reviewing
Nigeria’s approach to vying terrorism, on the percepts put forward by the
United Nations Security Council as ‘Initiative for Global Peace’.
This study
is of great importance as it gives an up to date report on the terroristic
happenings in the country, as well as the response strategy of the Nigeria
Government. It also proffers credible workable solutions to this prolonged
problem of terrorism through guidelines provided by the United Nations Security
council. Another very eminent significance of this study is the fact it will look
at the cause of the terrorism issue in Nigeria from multi-perspectives and
theories, especially the theory which believes that; ‘the terrorism in the
Northeastern part of Nigeria is government sponsored, permitted or endorsed
(Conspiracy theory)’, thus giving a fresh and broader perspective to the case
study of terrorism in Northeastern Nigeria. It will also address whether
international intervention is feasible and even advisable in situations like
this, where the nation’s military have proven ineffective in eliminating the
crisis at hand.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The Scope of
this study centers thematically on the Terrorism situation of Northeastern
Nigeria and a critical review of Nigeria’s counter-terrorism approach, with the
Northeastern states of; Brono, Yobe, Maduguri and Adamawa as its focus. The
study will appraisal the Nigeria’s counter-terrorism approach (Nigeria’s
strategies in responding to terrorism) in the light of the United Nations
Security Council’s initiative for Global Peace.
The Geographical
focus of this study as stated before are majorly four states in Northern
Nigeria which have been sadly reputed to be the major battle grounds of the war
between the Nigerian state and the Boko-Haram Terrorists/insurgency. The study
will focus on a timeline of seven years; from 2012 – 2018. However solutions,
resolutions and recommendations will be made on a progressive basis (that is
futuristic basis).
1.7 Methodology of the Study
The research
methodology used in this work, is qualitative. It involves heavy reliance on
secondary data and sources such as; published Journal, Articles, and books by
commendable authors in the field as well as works and writings of other
scholars which are tangential to this research. It also includes news reports
and interviews.
1.8 Definition of key terms
United
Nations (UN)
‘The United
Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the second world
war by 51 countries committed to maintain international peace and security’
(United Nations, 2019).The United Nations was established following the
conclusion of the Second World War and in light of Allied planning and
intentions expressed during the conflict (Shaw, 2014).
United
Nations Security Council (UNSC)
This is one
of the principle organs of the UN, charged with the duty of maintaining Global
peace and Security. It has five of the major world powers as its permanent
members, which contributes to the reason why the UNSC is argued to be most
powerful organ of the UN (Shaw, 2014).
Global Peace
Global peace
is defined as ensuring and maintaining peace all over the world. This is the
most important, if not the sole purpose of the UN. It is sometimes used
interchangeably with World peace or International peace (Enuka, 2017).
Terrorism
Terrorism is
the deliberate employment of violence or the threat of the use of violence
carried out on human beings or properties for the purpose of creating fear in
the society and in the government in order to engender a desired response from
either or both the society and the government (Oche & Dokubo, 2005).
Counter-terrorism
The word
counter means actions intended to contend with or nullify certain actions
previously taken. Counter-terrorism therefore are steps taken, especially by
states, to combat terrorism and nullify it, sometimes, even before it occurs
(Abolurin, 2011).
1.9 Chapter Outlay
This study
is divided into five chapters.
Chapter one
provides background to the study, statement of the problem of the study,
objectives of the study, research questions and other specifications.
Chapter two
reviews various relevant literatures on the subject, such as: the United
Nations, Global peace and Terrorism. It also posits the theoretical framework
of the study.
Chapter
three examines the Subject of Boko Haram in its entirety.
Chapter four
focuses on answering the main objective of the study research questions of the
study.
Chapter five
of this study will contain the conclusion of the study as well as the
recommendation of the study.
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