THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY
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THE EFFECT
OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON
AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Agriculture
is a traditional source of employment in most of the states in Nigeria.
Percentage of persons involved in agriculture ranges between 24.4 and 85.1 per
cent across all zones in Nigeria. With respect to these states, the activity
ranges between 2.4 and 91.7 per cent, with majority of states having over 50
percent increases in agricultural output, brought about by increasing land and
labour productivity. Boko Haram activities, has destabilized socio-economic
activities, increased crime and destruction of both life and property of
Nigerian citizens. Affected are the mass movement of people living in northern
part of the country most especially Northern part of Adamawa state. This
situation has made it impossible for the citizens in that part of the state to
carry on their legitimate activities such as farming, livestock production to
mention a few. It is also scaring foreign investors out of this part of the country.
Students have been forced to flee their schools. Agricultural sector has been
destabilized. The gravity of the crisis has brought about decline in
productivity that escalates the prices of Agricultural output reduces the per
capita income of an individual. Productivity of peasant farmers is essential
and fundamental to any society or nation. In fact, agricultural sector is the
driving force of any national economy in the world. Nations do not only plan
for production, but also heavily invest in agricultural sector to boost food
production, increase gross domestic product and by extension, secure the
citizens from hunger and subsequent malnutrition. However, more often than not,
insecurity constituted by Boko Haram in Adamawa state of Nigeria has to a large
extent tampered with tens of thousands of people whom major activities is
farming. The protracted violence in the affected zone has forced large scale
farmers to abandon their farming activities in search for their dear lives.
This has to some extent crippled economic activities and hence led to reduction
in internally generated revenue of the state.
The mass
displacement of people have resulted to poor harvest in the Northern and some
central part of Adamawa state; mainly Mubi North, Mubi South, Michika,
Madagali, Maiha, Hong and Gombi Local government areas of the State. In
addition, rising prices of food and other services in Adamawa have always been
linked to high rate of insurgency in the state. There are challenges to low
productivity, mass displacement, and decrease in internally generated revenue
of the state. Most literature on Boko Haram has argued that insecurity in
Nigeria occurs due to: (i) Economic and poverty level in the area, mostly
insurgent gain members by claiming their struggle is for the people and that
they would provide basic necessity for the general population if supported,
(ii). Activities of internal actors and external actors. The study area has
recorded the highest activities of Boko Haram in the state. This has made the
farmland for productivity in the study area inaccessible, because of the
current growth of insurgency and crisis.
In
sub-Saharan Africa, some scholars have argued that there is an increase in
resource-use conflicts especially farmer–herder conflict, since the Sahelian
drought of the 1970s and 1980s (Hussien et al. 1999; Tonah 2006). The Sahelian
drought caused the movement of many herders to West Africa especially the
savannah areas for survival (Tonah 2005). The movement and settlement of the
herders in the West African zone caused increased violent conflict between
herders and local farmers especially the struggle for water and land for their
activities. Increasing conflict means ‘more conflict, a new scale of conflict
being attained/increased frequency or intensity of existing conflicts’ (Hussein
et al., 1999). Matthew et al. (2009) found that since 1990 exploitation and
competition over natural resources have been the cause of nearly eighteen
violent conflicts in some West African countries, Darfur and the Middle East.
Also, the Ministry of Animal Resources in Burkina Faso reported that about 600
conflicts between farmers and herders are recorded in the country every year
(IRIN, 2012). In Nigeria (Benue), a total of 1,200 people were killed in 2014
due to the conflict between local farmers and Fulani herders.
The etiology
of this conflict has been blamed mainly on crop destruction by cattle that
enter farms, sometimes in the presence of the herders owning them, fierce
competition over shrinking arable lands, and the inability of government
institutions to solve the conflict (Abubakari & Longi 2014; Tonah 2005).
Also, Hagberg (1998) argues that this type of conflict stems from competition
over scarce resources because of increased in population, migration and land
degradation. This is in line with the population theory of Malthus, which sees
a population increase as a source of resource competition and conflict. Thomas
Malthus argued that population will grow exponentially whilst food production
will grow arithmetically (Seidl and Tisdell 1999). Thus, the population will
double with each cycle, and food production will increase gradually which will
cause scarcity of resources in the future. Therefore, theoretically, the
environmental–scarcity debate has been at the centre of discussions by scholars
when explaining causes of farmer–herder conflict. But critics have argued that
the Malthusian and environmental/scarcity debate has not been able to explain
other drivers of farmer–herder conflict (Moritz 2010). For instance, factors
such as increased availability of modern weapons, limited laws on pastoralism,
marginalization of herders, corruption, and expansion of farmlands have been
stated as causal factors by some scholars (Hagberg 1998; Tonah 2006;
Benjaminsen and Ba 2009; Mwamfupe 2015). However, this study shall investigate
the effect of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis
on agricultural business productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It is no
more news that Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi religious state with several
hundred ethnic nationalities each with its language, traditions and culture.
However the biggest challenges threatening the corporate existence of Nigeria
today is Boko Haram, herdsmen, famer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on
agricultural business productivity and food security , there has been unceasing
blows delivered by the crisis to the indigenous farming population. While the
Federal government has failed to come up with a pragmatic approach that can
solve the crisis, the daily news channels are littered with stories and gory
pictures of ongoing attacks. Inconsistencies in government policies seem to
exacerbate these conflicts. While the State governments have introduced
different laws as a way of addressing these problem the federal government
seems confused, undecided and is even perceived as complicit. Unless something
quick actions are taken by both the Federal government, these crises may go
beyond their control. Boko Haram, herdsmen, famer clashing and cattle rustling
crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security have been in
Nigeria for decades, and northern Nigeria has been the main theatre witnessing
the escalation of the crises which has witnessed mass destruction of farm
lands, houses and human genocide within the period under review.
The
assumption of this study is that this problem can be tackled by identifying its
root cause, its manifestations and implications and by diverging and proffering
solutions. Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on
agricultural business productivity and food security is an issue which has come
to stay in Nigeria for decade and it is fast growing by the day. People have
deserted their farms, houses etc seeking refuge in other places thereby
becoming strangers in other lands.
1.3 Research Objectives
The general
objective of this study is to determine the effect of Boko Haram, herdsmen,
farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business
productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria. The specific objectives
are:
i) To evaluate the impacts of
insurgency on the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria
ii) To understand the impacts of Boko
Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the availability
of credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria
iii) To determine the economic, cultural,
social implications and consequences of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing
and cattle rustling crisis in Northern Nigeria
1.4 Research Questions
The
following are some of the questions which this study intends to answer:
i) What are the impacts of insurgency
on the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria?
ii) What are the impact of Boko Haram,
herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the availability of
credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria?
iii) What are the economic, cultural, social
implications and consequences of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and
cattle rustling crisis in Northern Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were postulated to guide the conduct of this study;
i) There is a significant influence of
Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the
availability of credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria
ii) There is a significant impact of Boko
Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the economic,
cultural, social activities in Northern Nigeria
iii) There is a significant relationship
between insurgency and the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria
1.6 Significance of the Study
The recent
escalation of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis
on agricultural business productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria has
grossly robbed Nigeria’s rapid growth and development as the conflict usually
result in massive destruction of cattle, food, property and human life. This
obviously has caused the country a lot of setback as development cannot thrive
in such areas which are affected by conflict. Therefore it is important to
adopt a multidimensional approach to the solution of this crisis, including the
contribution of this study
Apart from
the fact that there is slow pace of development if any, the country also runs
the risk of a poor relationship among the various ethnic groups as such people
who formally love been involved will have the fear of travelling to the state
of their enemies. This study is therefore justified under the premise that, it
will serve as an eye opener for those who are affected by this particular
conflict, to foster peace amongst various communities across the nation. The
study could also serve as a reference point for other scholars in this study
area and students can also learn from it.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study
will cover farmers and herders from Northern Areas of Nigeria. This is because
it focuses on the effects on agricultural business productivity and food
security with particular attention on Northern States in Nigeria. Therefore,
one state from each of the three northern geopolitical zones (North East, North
West and North Central) shall be selected.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The study
will be carried out in the three northern geopolitical zones. Due to financial
constraints and shortage of time, only one state from each zone will be
covered, and therefore findings of the study cannot be generalized to the
entire country.
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