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INSURGENCY
AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF BOKO HARAM
ABSTRACT
The paper
explores the phenomenon of insurgency and underdevelopment in Nigeria, its
adverse impact on nationhood and security, and recommends new management
strategies that the Nigerian government can make use of in tackling the
problem. A survey questionnaire was administered through a stratified random
sampling to respondents. From a sample of the study composing of 358 people
living in the five (5) north eastern states of Nigeria (Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno,
Gombe, Taraba and Yobe) and the respondents were the indigenes of the sampled
states. The study showed that Boko Haram Insurgence have a negative effect on
the Economic, Social, Political and Security of the people of Nigeria as a
whole. The dangerous dimension the insecurity challenge has posed by the fundamentalist
group Boko Haram has heightened serious fears among Nigerian populace. The
trend has led to incessant suicide bombings and all sorts of attacks in the
northern parts of the country with little or no provocation. Consequently,
lives and properties are lost, business ventures and shops have remained closed
especially in the north. Most regrettably, the people of southern part of
Nigeria who are the life-wire of economic activities in the north are
relocating in large numbers to their states of origin to avoid losing their
lives in the hands of the sect. As a result of the findings, the study
recommends the Federal government should provide enabling environment and
adequate tools to well-trained security agents to perform their duties. A
purely state-centric approach is insufficient for combating non-state security
threats like the Boko Haram terrorist group. Thus, unlike President Jonathan’s
response to the terrorist threat, with its emphasis on a large security force
presence in the northern states (a full 20 percent of the country’s budget has
now been dedicated to the defence sector) which is understandable, but is
unlikely to completely quell the violence. What is needed instead is the kind
of intelligence led policing that builds trust between citizens and a
government that is perceived as legitimate, just, and effectively moving the
country toward a better future.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page
Title Page
Declaration
Certification
Acknowledgement
Table of
Contents
Abstract
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
CHAPTER ONE
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Background
of the Study
1
1.3
Statement of
the Problem
5
1.4
Research
Questions
6
1.5
Research
Objective
7
1.5.1
General
Objective
7
1.5.2
Specific
Objectives
7
1.6
Significance
of the Study
7
1.7
Scope and
Limitation
8
1.8
Operational
Definition of Terms/Concepts
9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Review of
Related Literature
16
2.1
Introduction
16
2.2
Terrorism
17
2.3
Historical
Analysis of Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria
20
2.4
Boko Haram
Attacks in Nigeria
24
2.5
Boko Haram
Insurgency and the Underdevelopment of Nigeria
28
2.6
The Effect
on Economic Development
35
2.7
The Effect
on Social Development
37
2.8
The Effect
on Political Development
38
2.9
Theoretical
Framework
39
2.9.1
The
Frustration-Aggression Theory
39
2.9.2
Application
of the Theory
42
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1
Research
Design
45
3.2
Sources of
Data
45
3.2.1
Primary Data
45
3.2.2
Secondary
Data
46
3.3
Area of the
Study
46
3.4
Population
of the Study
46
3.5
Sample and
Sampling Technique
47
3.6
Sample Size
47
3.7
Instrumentation
47
3.8
Validation
of Instrument
48
3.9
Research
Reliability
48
3.10
Method of
Data Collection
49
3.11
Instrument
Rate Return
49
3.12
Data
Analysis
50
3.13
Conclusion
50
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Introduction
52
4.2
Demographic
Characteristics
53
4.3
Research
Questions
55
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Summary,
Conclusion And Recommendations
60
5.2
Summary
60
5.3
Conclusions
60
5.4
Recommendations
61
REFERENCES
63
APPENDICES
69
LIST OF
TABLES
Table No
Title
Page
1
A
distribution showing the characteristics of the respondents for the survey
questionnaire (N = 358)
53
2
Mean Ratings
and Standard Deviations on the causes of insurgency in Nigeria (N = 358)
55
3
Mean Ratings
and Standard Deviations on how insurgencies deter development in Nigeria (N =
358)
56
4
Mean rating
and standard deviation on how Boko Haram insurgency has affected socio-economic
development of Nigeria (N = 358)
57
5
Mean rating
and standard deviation on the factors militating against the resolution of the
insurgency Boko Haram (N = 358)
58
6
Mean rating
and standard deviation on the practical solutions to end Boko Haram insurgency
in Nigeria (N = 358)
59
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Nigeria is a
multi-ethnic and a multi-religious state with a population of about 160 million
people cutting across the divides of ethnicity and religious beliefs.
Comprising 36 states, a federal capital territory (FCT) and 774 local
government councils, it is a complex, multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation
state (Oyeniyi, 2012).
1.2 Background of the Study
The
complexity of Nigeria as a nation state is centred on its political format,
economic, social and religious inclinations. As a nation state, the country
since independence has experienced several ethnic and religious crisis of
various degrees and magnitude (Gilbert, 2013). Grappling with such political
and economically motivated crises, successive administrations in Nigeria have
been criticized by either the Muslim or Christian faithfuls when they are not
favored.
On the state
of the country, when people feel insecure, their appetite to invest, buy or
rent from the product of investment reduces; and that is why all over the world
today, any country that radiates an environment of insecurity naturally repels
investment initiatives from both the international community and its own local
investors. Every society across the globe has its peculiar problems and
challenges in which Nigeria is not an exception. Today, insecurity is one of
the greatest problems bedeviling various countries in varying degrees. It
affects policies of government and also retards development (Ifijeh, 2011).
A number of
analysts have variously attributed the disturbing trend to political
dissatisfaction, ethnic and religious differences, perceived societal neglect
and pervasive poverty among the people. Some scholar attributed insecurity to
the desire of man to satisfy his inordinate ambition of lust for power and this
has often led to the irrational use of violence against the state, private organizations
and the general public with the ultimate objective of achieving selfish goals
(Akhain, 2012).
The current
Boko Haram insurgency in the North-east geopolitical zone of Nigeria that
originally took the form of sectarian religious violence has escalated into
terrorist activities with international linkages and affiliations making it
relatively difficult nut for the Nigerian government to crack down (Gilbert,
2014). Consequently, Nigeria has not known peace recent years now. The
emergence of the fundamentalist Islamic sect, has led to the flight for safety
and security of most Nigerians residing in the North East, especially
Christians. Since the commencement of the terrorist operations of the sect,
they have adopted several methods to unleash terror on the people. And most
states of Northern Nigeria have experienced their dastardly activities, but the
worst hit has been Adamawa, Bauchi, Bornu, FCT (Abuja), Kaduna, Kano, Plateau
and Yobe (Nwakaudu, 2012:5).
Furthermore,
Boko Haram insurgents have been severally called terrorists in many quarters.
According to
the United States Department of Defence, terrorism is “the calculated use of
unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to
coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that
are generally political, religious or ideological” (Afolabi, 2015). Inherent in
this definition are the three key elements of violence, fear, and intimidation.
All three elements coalesce in instigating terror in the victims or those at
the receiving end. The American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), on its
part, defines terrorism as “the unlawful use of force and violence against
persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objectives”. The U.S. State Department, on the other hand, understands it as
the deployment of “premeditated politically motivated. Violence perpetrated
against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents,
usually intended to influence an audience (Afolabi, 2015).
The Boko
Haram terrorist scourge in contemporary national relations creates a public
atmosphere of anxiety and it has undermined confidence in government. The terrorists
‘unpredictability and apparent randomness makes it virtually impossible for
government to protect all potential victims. The public demand protections that
the state cannot give frustrated and fearful, the people then usually demand
the government to make concessions to stop the attacks or protect their
citizens, automatically has implications for citizens loyalty to their
government and when citizen‘s loyalty to their government is in doubt, then
national stability is threatened (Afolabi, 2015).
The greatest
threat the Boko Haram terrorism possess in Nigeria is that it prevents national
discussion or negotiation and force decision under pressure e.g. declaration of
state of emergency in Boko State by the presidency (National News, 18/07/2011).
It sways public affairs. Thus national and international agreements are
altered, law are made or changed and the regulations on people, institutions
and services are involved virtually at the command of small numbers of
individuals holding guns or bombs. ―The fear of Boko Haram is, to state the
fact, the beginning of wisdom in some states of the northern part of Nigeria‖
(National News 30th January, 2011). In spite of the threat Boko Haram terrorism
possess to Nigerian peace, security and stability, this sect terrorism had
certain positive results in contemporary national relations. It is demonstrated
in the area of improvement on the national security opinion in Nigeria
especially on national critical infrastructure either installation of close
circuit television CCTV to cover the federal capital city with the control room
expected to be located at the force headquarters for central coordination
(Vanguard, September, 2011) training and retraining of security operation of
modern equipment, having identify database of Nigerians, reactivation of the
police forensics department and bring it up to date etc. which are headway to
ensuring national security of the country.
According to
Agomuo (2011) what started around 2006 in the far flung North East geopolitical
zone of the country as a child’s play, has become a national disgrace and of
international concern. The emergence of the deadly group, whose activities
assumed a worrisome dimension in 2009, has continued a reign of terror in parts
of the country. The inhuman activities of the Islamist sect, have unsettled the
Nigerian nation to the extent that ample time and socio-economic cum political
resources that ought to have been channeled to the development of the entire
country is being wasted on various efforts geared towards checkmating and
possibly, annihilating the insurgency in the North East geopolitical zone of
Nigeria. Agreed that the North-east is the epicenter of the insurgency but its
effect reverberates through the entire country and has constituted a major source
of underdevelopment to Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that this paper
seeks to critically interrogate the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on the
underdevelopment of Nigeria. With the use of data basically from secondary
sources, the study analyzes the effects of the nefarious activities of the
Islamist sect on the social, economic and political life of Nigeria.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Insurgency
connotes an internal uprising often outside the confines of state’s laws and it
is often characterized by social-economic and political goals as well as
military or guerrilla tactics. Put differently, it is a protracted struggle
carefully and methodically carried out to achieve certain goals with an
eventual aim of replacing the existing power structure (Afolabi, 2015).
An active
revolt or uprising. A rebellion against authority (for example, an authority
recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the
rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (Wikipedia).
Insurgency
occurs when the gap between political expectations and the opportunities of a
certain group has become unacceptable for them and they believe that the issues
can only be solved through the use of force. Insurgent groups always rely on
the population for active support and/or passive acquiescence. It is this
support that provides the insurgent groups “personal, supplies, and,
critically, an information advantage over the state and the counter insurgent
forces” (Grandia, 2009).
Insurgency
is a threat to the economic, political and social security of a nation and a
major factor associated with underdevelopment; because it discourages both
local and foreign investments. Also, it reduces the quality of life, destroys
human and social capital, damages relationship between citizens and the states,
undermining democracy, rule of law and the ability of the country to promote
development (Akhain, 2012).
The
persistence of the violent activities of the Boko Haram insurgency in
North-Eastern Nigeria provokes academic questions that underscore the need to
understand the root causes of the menace (BBC News, 2009). Against this back
drop, the present study assesses the underlying factors that led to the rise of
Boko Haram in the North-Eastern Nigeria. The study argues that the rise of Boko
Haram insurgency is an ample manifestation of governance failure in the
North-Eastern region. The rise of these groups has had significant influence on
the numbers of ethnic and religious conflicts Nigeria has witnessed. The exact
number of ethno-religious conflicts that have occurred in the country is not
known due to lack of adequate statistics and records on this subject-matter.
However, Onuoha (2012) has averred that about 40% of ethno-religious crisis has
occurred in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. There has particularly been an increase
between 2012 and 2014 in the occurrences of terrorist attacks in the country
with government’s insignificant success in curbing the menace. By this, the
focus and scope of the discourse in this paper therefore, give the discourse
contemporary relevance. It is against this background that the paper explores
the phenomenon of terrorism/insurgency in Nigeria, its adverse impact on
nationhood and security, and recommends new management strategies that the Nigerian
government can make use of in tackling the problem.
1.4 Research Questions
In attempt
to investigate the study, the following research questions were raised:
What are the causes of insurgency in
Nigeria?
How does insurgencies deter development in
Nigeria?
How has Boko Haram insurgency affected
socio-economic development of Nigeria?
What are the factors militating against the
resolution of the insurgency Boko Haram?
What are the practical solutions to end
Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Objective
1.5.1 General Objective
The general
objective of this study seeks to examine insurgency and underdevelopment in
Nigeria with a focus on Boko Haram.
1.5.2 Specific Objectives
The specific
objectives are:
Determine the causes and nature of
insurgencies in Nigeria;
Discuss how insurgencies deter development
in Nigeria;
Examine how Boko Haram affected socio-economic
development in Nigeria
Identify the factors militating against the
resolution of the insurgency Boko Haram
Proffer practical solutions for the end of
Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria
1.6 Significance
This study
will enable various governments become very much aware that the prevalence of
insurgencies and terrorisms in various parts of the state brings
underdevelopment.
The research
study will have some significance to the military in combating insurgency and
terrorism.
The study
will create awareness to the general public on the consequences of insurgency,
as the end result is waste on the economy.
The study
will help the financers, sponsors, the international organizations, the youth
who are the major players to re-examined their attitude towards the menace of
Boko Haram ,perhaps they are the players in facilitating insurgency, they may
have a re-think because of the devastating effects on the underdevelopment of
the state.
This study provides insight with the
realization that countering an insurgency, which is often done with brutality.
1.7 Scope and Limitation
The research
was designed to the insurgency of Boko haram in Nigeria. It is delimited to the
Insurgency and underdevelopment in Nigeria; a case study of Boko Haram on the
following variable of Insurgency:
Determination
on the causes and nature of insurgency in Nigeria, how Insurgency deter
development in Nigeria, examine how Boko Haram affect socio-economic
development in Nigeria, identify the factors militating against the resolution
of the insurgency Boko Haram, and proffer practical solutions for the end of
Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria.
The research
also explores the concept of human relationship, mutual understanding,
insurgency, and development. It also explains various ways both traditional and
secular methods of conflict prevention and resolutions.
The
respondents of this research study are three states in the north eastern
Nigeria namely; Taraba state, Admawa and Maiduguri State. However, the major limitations of this research were that of time factor, as the time frame
within the scope of this research was limited, the researcher could spend
sleepless night to make sure the research work meet the specified time,
Also
Financial constraint was one of the major challenges as the researcher would
use transport fare, put in money sourcing for materials such as publications,
articles, journals ,as there was no adequate finance for transportation within
all the affected areas of the
insurgency. Government officials could not reveal the needed information for
this work as expected due to oath of secrecy, but however, the researcher was
provided with some journals, articles, magazines on the subject matter to
enable the researcher carryout the research in some government offices.
Also bad road was one of the major limitations
as some areas badly affected were not motorable, where the researcher could
trek a long distance on bad roads that were not motorable, the researcher could
even used trucks ,locally made bikes to reach affected areas.
Family was
also a limitation, where attention of the researcher could also be demanded as
a family man to attend to some family issues. Nevertheless, the researcher was
able to overcome some of the aforementioned limitations in spite of all this
limitations/frustrations, the researcher manage the resources at his disposal
to come out with this work as it is a success today.
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