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A CRITICAL
ANALYSIS OF THOMAS HOBBES’ CONCEPT OF THE LEVIATHAN
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Table of
contents
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study
The
statement of the problem
Purpose of
the study
Significance
of the study
Scope of the
study
Methodology
Literature
Review
Notes
CHAPTER TWO
HOBBES: THE
BACKGROUND OF HIS POLITICAL THOUGHT.
2.1Hobbes’
Life and Philosophy
2.1.1Thomas
Hobbes
2.1.2His
works
2.2Influences
on Hobbes
2.3Hobbes on
Human Nature
2.4The
Social Contract Theory
CHAPTER
THREE
HOBBES
CONCEPTION OF THE LEVIATHAN.
3.1Hobbes’s
Leviathan
3.2The
Contract and the power of the sovereign
3.3Individualism
and liberalism
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY OF
HOBBES VIEW OF THE LEVIATHAN
4.1A Critical
survey of the Hobbesian analysis of the leviathan
4.2Critical
evaluation
4.2.1Positive
aspect
4.2.2Negative
aspect
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study
is an attempt to examine the idea of the Leviathan in Thomas Hobbes political
philosophy. Before we discuss his philosophy of society we need to know what
was happening before he came.
There Was
the problem of the excessive use of power in the society.One could rule in as
much as he commanded obedience from others by the use of brute power and force.
This led to conflict and self-centeredness among humans.
An attempt
to escape from the above crisis led Hobbes to postulate a common wealth or the
state as a platform for organizing human beings or what he called the
Leviathan. The idea of the Leviathan aimed at providing a means by which men
can overcome the disorder in the natural state.The people needed the state of
nature, to fashion a contract, giving all their power to one man who becomes
the sovereign.
From the
above, the research question is this; Is the Leviathan construed either as a
ruler or a State able to solve the problem of insecurity, self-centeredness and
the egoism in the nature of man? Will the absolute power embedded in a
Leviathan not lead to tyranny and abuses? These are some of the issues that
this study intends to look into critically.
1.2STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The problem
of this study can be put in question form:
Is the
Leviathan immune to the egoistic nature of man which he has been chosen to
guard against? Can the chaos and conflict which exists on the state of nature
be eliminated with the institution of the common wealth? How does the Leviathan
intend to tackle the problem of behaviorism and human nature which is egoistic
and self-centered in order to ensure a peaceful human society wherein people
will be law abiding? Will the absolute power embedded in the sovereign not lead
to tyranny, totalitarianism and abuse? This project work tries to tackle some
of these questions.
1.3THE
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This work
aims at critically analyzing the concept of the Leviathan. It also attempt to
proffer solutions to the problems identified in Hobbes theory.This work studies
Hobbes notion of the society and how human beings can live together peacefully
in a society. We may ask; how can humans evolve a peaceful system where law and
order are properly defined?
1.4THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
is significant in the sense that it emphasizes the wider breath of Hobbes
conception of the leviathan. His intention is to capture all areas of life with
an attempt of reconstructing the society into a better one by proffering the
Leviathan. Effort will be made to review and apply his concept of the Leviathan
in examining the view of human nature as egoistic and individualistic and how
we can evolve a stable and viable society from such a human nature.
1.5THE SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
This project
work examines critically the concept of the Leviathan in Hobbes social and
political philosophy. It looks into other concepts like the state of nature
which led to the postulation of Leviathan. It advances theory and knowledge by
expanding the view of other social contractarians in order to give a balanced
view of our topic of study.
1.6METHODOLOGY
This
research work uses the method of critical analysis to examine the idea of the
Leviathan in Hobbes. The research tools to be used are archival materials such
as textbooks, encyclopedia and internet sources. By using the critical method
this study seeks to provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the
idea of the Leviathan and the extent to which it can be a viable option for
bringing about order, peace and cooperation in the society.
1.7LITERATURE
REVIEW
The first
book to be reviewed, is Thomas Hobbes Leviathan; by John plamenatz. He argued
that The Leviathan was “chosen or instituted when men do agree and covenant
every one that to whatsoever man or assembly of men shall be given by the major
part the right to present the person of them all, that is to say to be their
representative”.2 The Leviathan ensures them living in peace amongst themselves
and be protected against other men.
The second
book to be reviewed, is Elements of Philosophy by Samuel Enoch Stumpf and
Donald C. Abel. Here,the argument is that the civil society created by the
social contract must have power to punish those who transgress the agreement.
Convinced that fear is the greatest motivator, the state must have sufficient
positive power to terrify its citizens into obedience3
The third
book to be reviewed is History of Political Thought by Anthony O. Okoh. Here
there is an argument for the provision of an absolute ruler The Leviathan.He
believed that it was only an absolute ruler that could tame the wicked
tendencies which exhibited in the state of nature4.
The fourth
book to be reviewed, is Philosophy Made Simple by Richard H.P.Here it was
understood that since sovereignty is created by a covenant or contract, the
subject retains all those natural rights that cannot be transferred by
covenant5 To put it differently, since the subject has entered into the
contract to preserve and protect his life, the subject cannot refuse to obey
the sovereign.
The fifth
book to be reviewed ,is Ethics: A Systematic and Historical Study by Joseph
Omoregbe. Here Hobbes argues that men decided to come together and form an
organized society since life was so in secured in the state of nature. They
came together, made a social contract, empowered the sovereign to decide what
should be done and what should not be done in the society.
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