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STAKEHOLDER
ENGAGEMENT IN PHYSICAL PLANNING IN RURAL AREAS (A CASE STUDY OF EKET LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE
ABSTRACT
The study
sought to examine stakeholder’s Engagement in physical planning in rural areas
using Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria as a case study.
Many rural areas in Nigeria lack adequate physical planning for their
environments. However, in order to survive, policy makers and stakeholders need
to come to their rescue and bring a better planning of their environments in
them. It is on the basis of this that this study was designed to answer
research questions like: what are the contributions of stakeholders in physical
planning in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State? What are the reasons
for stakeholder’s Engagement in physical planning in Eket Local Government Area
of Akwa Ibom State? What are the benefits of stakeholders Engagement in
physical planning on the people of Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom
State?
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The
importance of stakeholder Engagement, through positive and pro-active
partnerships with the community, business, government and the development
industry is enormous and cannot be underestimated. In Nigeria, there is a need
to empower residents to advocate for their community of interest and endeavour
to create policy and strategy which is respectful of their vision. It is not
possible, nor realistic, to expect that the expectations of every stakeholder
will be able to be met in every situation, recognising the diverse range of
ideas, backgrounds and aspirations that stakeholders do have. It is therefore
important that stakeholder Engagement is progressed in an open, transparent,
responsible and respectful manner. There are resource implications associated
with stakeholder Engagement, requiring the investment of time, energy and
money. In addition, there are statutory timeframes established for many
decision-making processes. With limited resources, it is not realistic to
expect that stakeholder Engagement will be progressed for every single
development proposal. This reality, however, highlights the importance of
stakeholder Engagement in the development of planning strategies and policies,
at a higher level and earlier in the process, which can then be used as a basis
for later technical assessment of individual proposals. The art of land use
planning is to bring together technical information/assessments with the ideas,
opportunities and concerns of stakeholders; a difficult challenge.
The
increased growth of rural-urban communities is encountering socio-economic
challenges, especially in developing countries (Nnaemeka-Okeke, 2016; and Kawu,
2013). These scholars argued that government cannot exclusively alleviate the
impact of unplanned urban growth, which is one of the principal factors that
lead to the foundation of establishing public participation in urban planning.
In the contemporary planning, urban governance becomes democratized which make
use of public opinion in decision making process for urban development. Abraham
Lincoln in 1864, referred to democracy as “government of the people, by the
people and for the people” (Buckwalter, 2012). Consistent with the principle of
democracy, effective public participation in the development of human
communities becomes very imperative to achieve target goals for the present and
future generations.
Stakeholders
are refer to people or organisations that have a “stake” in a matter, by being
either involved in or influenced by it through their sponsorship. In the rural
development policy context, this covers all the groups concerned with policy
delivery from the policy-makers and local administrators to the (potential)
project beneficiaries. Given that rural development directly affects the quality
of food, water, energy, leisure, biodiversity and other services, there is a
sense in which it concerns everybody. However, when considering stakeholder
Engagement in rural development policy, it is more helpful to categorise people
into groups to understand how their Engagement can take place and what it can
specifically contribute.
The process
of land use planning has increased in scope and scale to the extent that the
traditional practices where the town planners’ tool of operations, which is in
the form of, established professional paradigms, concepts and models are no
more adequate. This had led to the need for responsive planning approach
whereby the existing gap between the public perception of how the environment
should be modelled and the professional perception can be integrated. During
this attempt, the stakeholders’ Engagement in the planning process will range
from the individuals to voluntary organizations. However, the concept of
participation could be perceived in different ways depending on the perspective
from which it is viewed. Basically it means the participation of the
stakeholders as citizens or a group in the planning process. It is essentially
the democratization of the planning process, which allows greater say and
Engagement to beneficiaries of the planning system. The policy makers must
ensure the Engagement of community in the process of formulation and
implementation of and policies of the physical developments of their
environments. This process involves the mobilization of both men and material
resources to improve the quality of their environment. This process is
described by Oyesiku (1998) as an active process in which the person in
question takes part in the contribution and implementation of decisions for the
fact that the government cannot alone provide the need of the people. Oyesiku
(1998) also revealed that it is essential for the concerned community to
initiate plans and execute projects that are helpful to their existence. It is
only by incorporating local people in the decision making process that the
decision can be tailored to the specific needs of the people (Akinmoladun and
Oduwaye, 2000). This research work is designed to investigate stakeholder’s
Engagement in physical planning in rural areas using Eket Local Government Area
of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria as a case study.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most
Nigerians in the rural areas are faced with the fact that their communities are
in shambles and in trouble because of lack of proper planning of the regions and
therefore there is an urgent need to do something that will reduce the emerging
problems. The questions is what are the nature of the problems and how do we
solve these problems. There exist many approaches to solving the emerging
problems of Nigerian rural-urban regions however this study is on the nature of
stakeholder’s Engagement in physical planning in rural areas. The need for this
approach is based on the fact that existing physical planning framework gives
little attention to citizen’s contribution to how the cities should be modelled
except where they are only involved in financing projects either individually
or as corporate bodies. It has seriously been noted that the professional town
planner and the political class cannot do it all alone. This is important
especially when it is realized that the complexities and ambiguities
surrounding the mechanisms sustaining cities have become more difficult to
understand, fund and implement.
1.3 Research Questions
The
following are some of the questions which this study intends to answer:
i) What are the contributions of
stakeholders in physical planning in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom
State?
ii) What are the reasons for
stakeholders Engagement in physical planning in Eket Local Government Area of
Akwa Ibom State?
iii) What are the benefits of stakeholders
Engagement in physical planning on the people of Eket Local Government Area of
Akwa Ibom State?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The main aim
of this research is to investigate stakeholder’s Engagement in physical
planning in rural areas using Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State,
Nigeria as a case study. The specific objectives are:
i) to determine the contributions of
stakeholders in physical planning in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom
State
ii) to establish the reasons for
stakeholders Engagement in physical planning in Eket Local Government Area of
Akwa Ibom State
iii) to evaluate the benefits of
stakeholders Engagement in physical planning on the people of Eket Local
Government Area of Akwa Ibom State
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings
from this study will be of great value to policy makers, stakeholders,
organisations, as it will assess stakeholder’s Engagement in physical planning
in rural areas, clarify the challenges and the ways to meet them. Researchers
in related areas will also find the study a useful literature for reference.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study
covered both private and public organizations in Nigeria. The data gathered
from the respondents were subjected to further analysis.
1.7 Limitation of the study
The only
constraint encountered by the researcher was finance. This limited the
researcher to print just one hundred and twenty questionnaires as against the
proposed two hundred and fifty questionnaires. The researcher, however, came up
with findings that would be worth making reference to in future and also contribute
to the existing literature.
1.8 Definitions of Terms
The
following terms were used in the course of this study:
Physical
Planning: refers to a set of actions aimed at improving the physical, social
and Economic welfare of a place and its dwellers.
Rural areas:
an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very many
people. A rural areas population density is very low. Many people live in a
city, or urban area. Their homes and businesses are located very close to one
another.
Stakeholders:
people or organisations that have a “stake” in a matter, by being either
involved in or influenced by it through their sponsorship.
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