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THE
IMPACT OF PUBLIC PIT TOILET SYSTEM AND ITS ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
A
pit toilet is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the
ground. They use either no water or one to three liters per flush with
pour-flush pit latrines. When properly built and maintained they can decrease
the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment
from open defecation. This decreases the transfer of pathogens between feces
and food by flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea and
intestinal worm infections. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million
deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school
days. Pit toilets are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.
A
pit toilet generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a
slab or floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as
an outhouse. The pit is typically at least 3 meters (10 feet) deep and 1 m (3.2
feet) across. The world health organization recommends they be built a
reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that
of smell. The distance from groundwater and surface water should be as large as
possible to decrease the risk of groundwater pollution. The hole in the slab
should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children
falling in. Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by
flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when
not in use. When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it
should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or
re-built at the new location. The management of the fecal slugle removed from
the pit is complicated. There are both environment and health risks if not done
properly.
A
lot of public toilets poses very serious problem to the people of Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state and also to other places across the country. The
problem of open defecation which some people often refer to as going to the
bush or bush shitting has persistently been difficult to address in Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state and Nigeria because of the unavailability of
good public and home toilets both in the cities and local communities or
villages. A lot of people live without proper sanitation in Udi and these
people have to decide on daily basis how to organize defecation without feeling
ashamed or fear.
Pit
latrines may or may not be an enjoyable experience to use. Problems may occur
when the pit latrine is shared by too many people, is not cleaned daily and not
emptied when the pit is full. In such cases, flies and odour can be a massive
nuisance. Also, pit latrines are usually dark places which are difficult to
keep clean. Often, hand washing facilities are missing. For these reasons,
shared pit latrines can be quite uncomfortable to use in developing countries.
Also, there might be cultural preferences for open defecation and these may be
difficult to overcome with unattractive toilet designs.
1.2
Statement of the problem
Pit
toilets are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income
countries and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the
sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern
however that the discharges of chemical and microbial contaminant from pit
toilets to underground water may negatively affect human health.
1.3
Significance of the study
,The
study aims to quantify the impact of pit toilet on the residents of Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state, interpret findings, analyze implications and
convey high level results and implications to national decision-makers for
sustainable and better environment of Udi residents and other communities where
pit toilets trend in Nigeria.
1.4
Objectives of the study
The
goals of this study are:
To
systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit toilets on the
residents of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State.
To
evaluate public pit toilets siting standard.
To
identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and the consequences of
public pit toilets on citizens of Nigeria.
1.5
Research questions
1.
What is the significant impact of pit toilet on the residents of Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state?
2.
What is the siting standard of public pit toilets in Udi Local Government Area
of Enugu state?
3.
How much knowledge do Nigerians have on the potential and consequences of
public pit toilets?
1.6
Research hypotheses
Ho:
There is no significant impact of pit toilets on the residents of Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state.
Hi:
There is significant impact of pit toilets on the residents of Udi Local
Government Area of Enugu state.
Ho:
There is no siting standard of public pit toilets in Udi Local Government Area
of Enugu state.
Hi:
There is a siting standard of public pit toilets in Udi Local Government Area
of Enugu state.
Ho:
Nigerians are not aware of the potentials and consequences of public pit
toilets.
Hi:
Nigerians are aware of the potentials and consequences of public pit toilets.
1.7
Limitations of the study
The
study was carried out to investigate the impact of public pit toilet system in
Enugu state, Udi Local Government Area to be precise. The study is limited to
Udi Local Government Area in Enugu state because of her representative nature
of pit toilets in Nigeria, proximity to the researcher, time and financial
constraints.
1.8
Scope of the study
This
study is on the impact of public pit toilet system in Enugu state with
particular emphasis on its associated problems in Udi Local Government Area of
Enugu state as the case study.
1.9
Definition of terms
Public:
This pertains to a state, nation, or whole community; proceeding from, relating
to, or affecting the whole body of people.
Pit
Toilet System: This is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in
the ground.
Problems:
This is a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to
be dealt with and overcome.
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