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CULTURE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Understanding
the role played by the social, cultural and economic factors in
entrepreneurship is the key to comprehend how to encourage culture and
entrepreneurial behavior. A first explanation for this stems from Sociology.
From this perspective, it is stated that women are less entrepreneurial than
men due to stereotypes and roles that are attributed according to their gender
and move away from attitudes of domain or achievement, placing them in roles
near housework, childcare and their elders (Eagly, 1987). Also, within this
perspective other researchers say how men are positioned in society today,
through certain patterns, ideologies and speeches reinforce its dominant
position in the labor market and relegate women to the background (Connell,
1990). Secondly and closely related to the above, understanding the national
culture is essential to analyze how each country values and rewards the
behaviors that promote entrepreneurial behavior. In this sense, in those countries
where social roles are closer to competitiveness, ambition and achievement,
that is to say, where highlight the roles attributed to the male group would be
expected lower rates of female entrepreneurship (McGrath, Macmillan, &
Scheinberg, 1992; Shane, 1992, 1991).
The
influence of culture on economic growth and entrepreneurship was first
recognized by Max Weber at the beginning of this century. Marx Weber posited
that Protestantism encouraged a culture that emphasized individualism,
achievement motivation; legitimating entrepreneurial vocations, rationality,
asceticism, and self-reliance. Thus, it has been shown that the Protestant
ethic was a fundamental drive for the spirit of entrepreneurship, modern
capitalism and growth of western economies (Kayed and Hassan, 2011).
People have
different motives and intentions of going into entrepreneurship. The economic
reform introduced by the various government in the developing countries that
begins in the 1980s leading to loss of employment and reduction in income
pushed many people to become entrepreneurs in developing countries. Eijdenberg
and Masurel (2013) opined that people in developing countries are more driven
by poverty and lack job to become an self reliant while in the developed
countries, entrepreneurial activities springs up of desire to seize an
opportunity and innovation to start a business. The harsh environmental factors
together with high rate of poverty and unemployment bring about a high rate of
entrepreneurial activities in developing countries. Gender and cultural beliefs
have indeed continued to hamper development and growth of women entrepreneurs
in developing nation. Halkias, Nwajiuba, Harkiolakis and Caracatsanis (2011) in
their work also posited that gender and cultural belief usually block the
economic capacity of women as entrepreneurs and affects negatively on
enterprise development, productivity, competitiveness and reduce the growth of
the economy. This study seeks to address the challenge of gender and cultural
beliefs by examining how they block the growth of women entrepreneurs in
developing countries and suggestions are made on how to overcome the problems.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
A consistent
empirical result emerging in the literature on female entrepreneurship is that
gender matters. In particular, women exhibit a consistently lower likelihood of
becoming an entrepreneur than their male counterparts. With African nations
being dominantly patriarchal, the extent to which women are able to freely
participate in entrepreneurship activities will largely be determined by the
existing cultural atmosphere. Considering the various cultural and structural
challenges and obstacles facing women, someone may quickly conclude that women
are usually discouraged from venturing into enterprise development. First,
early socialisation practices emphasise the primary role of women as mothers
and wives, influencing girls’ total expectations for future participation in
the labour force and the choice of career paths. Second, an African culture is
mainly seen as a barrier to development because it perpetuates culturally
sanctioned biases against women and provides excuses for men. This has resulted
in lower participation of women in business activities.
1.3 Research Questions
The
following are some of the questions which this study intends to answer:
i) what is the prevalence of
gender culture and entrepreneurship development?
ii) what are the factors
responsible for gender culture and entrepreneurship development?
iii) what the effects of gender
culture and entrepreneurship development on the economy of Nigeria?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The main
objective of this study was to investigate gender culture and entrepreneurship
development on the economy of Nigeria. However, the specific objectives were:
i) to examine the prevalence of
gender culture and entrepreneurship development
ii) to determine the factors
responsible for gender culture and entrepreneurship development
iii) to inquire the effects of gender
culture and entrepreneurship development on the economy of Nigeria
1.5 Significance of the Study
The
significance of the study was to investigate gender culture and
entrepreneurship development on the Nigerian economy. This would show whether
gender culture has positive or negative impacts on the Nigerian economy and
hopefully suggest positive measures to be taken for the betterment of our
economy.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will be limited to small
and micro entrepreneurs in two local government areas in Lagos state
irrespective of their age and gender.
1.7 Limitation of the study
The
researcher was not faced with many challenges except for the challenge of
finance that made researcher to print two hundred questionnaires instead of the
proposed three hundred questionnaires.
1.8 Definitions of Terms
The
following terms were used in the course of this study:
Culture: the
customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation,
people, or other social group.
Entrepreneurship
development: is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political,
and social well-being of its people
Gender: the
state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and
cultural differences rather than biological ones)
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