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IMPACT OF
URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
The phrase
‘better city, better future’ is the motto of the ongoing World Expo in China.
The World City Expo started in 2002 as a way of mobilizing world community
towards using the urban centers to mobile resources to eliminate all forms
poverty among people and to harness international cooperation and prevailing
technology in governing cities. The phrase becomes relevant in examining the
experience of Nigeria in urbanization. It is relevant to state that while
urbanization
is not foreign to Nigeria before colonialism, colonial rule with its attendant
economy nationalized urbanization in Nigeria. This is because urbanization
became extended beyond its traditional areas of Yoruba land, Hausa-Fulani land
and Borno land. This nationalization did not ensure a sufficiently urbanized
Nigeria but it laid foundation for what followed after independence in 1960 to
the transformation of human settlements in Nigeria.
Within the
50 years of Nigeria’s independence, the fact of high level of urbanization has
been established by many authors (Mabogunje, 1968, Mabogunje,1974, Mabogunje,
1981, Ojo, 1981, Lawanson 2006, Fabiyi, 2006, Kofowomo, 2008 and Olujimi,
2009,). These studies have demonstrated that Nigeria is experiencing
accelerated urbanization.
Existence of
large urban settlements has always been part of Nigeria’s history. During the
periods before the incursion of the British colonial masters into the coasts of
Nigeria, a number of large cities had emerged on the landscape. Prominent among
these were Sokoto, Bauchi, Kano, Zaria and Katsina in the North;
Oyo, Ibadan,
Ilorin, Ijebu-Ode, Iseyin, Ogbomoso, Abeokuta and Shaki in the West. Others
included Benin in the Mid-West and city – states like Opobo, Warri and Calabar
in the coastal areas. According to estimates by explorers such as Richard
Lander, Barth and Clapperton, as comprehensively documented by Mabogunje
(1968), Sokoto had about 120,000 people when it became the religious capital of
Outhmandan Fodio’s Muslim caliphate, Kano had about 30,000 and Zaria’s population
was put at between 40,000 and 50,000.In the same vein, Guglar and Flanagan
(1979) estimated the population of Ibadan to be between 70,000 and 100,000,
Abeokuta (60,000) and Oyo (25,000) However, these cities were medieval in
outlook, organic in their growth and agro dependent for their survival in
contrast to the industrial cities of the western world. As succinctly captured
by Guglar and Flanagan (ibid.) “the Yoruba cities, for instance, presented an
odd picture to those who were accustomed to the character of urban areas in
Europe and America. The cities contained such large numbers of farmers and the
buildings were so village-like that to the foreign eye, they seemed no more
than dense rural settlements”. Colonialism affected the original urban settlements
and incorporated them into global urbanization. The colonial urban heritage has
continued to thrive. In looking at the planning and management of Nigerian
urban centers in the last 50 years, it can be stated that projects have impacts
beyond the project sites. Urban planning and development, in particular, has
regional implications. The city is not alone, it is located in a region; it
affects the region as much as it is affected by the region. The city offers
hope for itself and its region while the rural land is repository of resources
beneficial to the city. In Nigeria, as in other parts of the world, the rural
and urban centers are not in competition; they complement each other and are in
continuum rather being sharply divided. Indeed, to some extent, ‘
center-periphery convergence’ (Gren, 2003) is taking place in the rural-urban
continuum in Nigeria. These realities are observable in Nigeria in varying
levels of resolution. It is also to be added that both rural and urban areas
face similar challenges; the challenges of basic needs, of gainful employment
for self- support and the challenge of resource conservation. The planning and
development of rural and urban areas have also reflected the political and
economic fortunes of the country. They have therefore been shaped by
experiences of cash crops-based economy, oil- boom of the late 1960s to
mid 1970s,
the Civil War of 1967 to 1970, the economic down-turn of the 1980s and 1990s
and the attendant economic reforms, political crisis of 1992 to 1998 and
relative increased revenue and relative political stability of 1999 to 2010
which has allowed more relaxed thinking and positive actions. In other words,
the planning
and the conditions of rural and urban centers in Nigeria cannot be dissociated
2 form the country’s economic and political experiences; although in most cases
analysts take little account of the influence of the macro environment on the
development of rural and urban areas. In this
presentation
too, the general role of the cities in national development is also well
recognized. Analysts recognize the role of cities in creating opportunities
and
stimulating growth and development (North, 1955, 1956, Carter (1981, Todaro
(1973, Mabogunje, (1974, 1980.). The city “furthers efficiency in economic activity”
and serves as a place where new forms of economic of economic organization are
evolved’ (UNCHS, 1994). While there are shades of opinion about
the external
effects of cities, there is a consensus that ‘strong urban economies are the
backbone and motor of the wealth of nations’ (Gantsho, 2008). The nature of
Nigerian urbanization offers unique opportunities for achieving this social
objective. In practice, the city is the center of the territory to which all
activities gravitate. Thus, they remain ‘the focal points of any economy’
(Olufemi and Oluseyi (2007).
1.2
Statement of the problem
The general
pattern of economic development in the region has tended to favor locations
surrounding the more urbanized areas thereby introducing spatial inequalities
and neglect of the more other urban places in the same city.
1.3
Significance of the study
In
North-eastern Nigeria has been one of the least developed since independence.
The series of geopolitical reorganizations since 1967 which lead to the gradual
and consistent decentralization of the processes of social, economic and
political transformation and the reduction of spatial inequalities in
development within the country appeared to have little impact on urban
development in the region. The concern of this paper is to determine the
pattern of urban development achieved in the region as a single administrative
entity, to explore the specific and theoretical factors that were responsible
for the existing pattern of urban development, and make suggestions on how to
guide future planning to influence pattern of urbanization in the region, in
the desired manner.
1.4
Objectives of the study
The
objectives of this research include but not limited to;
1. To
evaluate the relationship that exists between urban and regional planning and
socio-economic development.
2. To
determine if urban and regional planning impacts on the socio-economic
development of Abuja city.
1.5 Research
questions
In order to
achieve the above stated objectives, the following questions were asked;
1. Is there
a significant relationship between urban and regional planning and
socio-economic development?
2. Does
urban and regional planning impacts on the socio-economic development of Abuja
city?
1.6 Research
hypotheses
: There is
no significant relationship between urban and regional planning and
socio-economic development.
: There is
significant relationship between urban and regional planning and socio-economic
development.
: Urban and
regional planning does not impact on the socio-economic development of Abuja
city.
: Urban and
regional planning impacts on the socio-economic development of Abuja city.
1.7
Limitations of the study
The study
was limited by two major factors; financial constraint and time. Insufficient
fund and
time tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the
relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data
collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.8 Scope of
the study
The study
focuses on the impact of environmental planning on rural development using
Abuja metropolis as a case study.
1.9
Definition of terms
Planning:Is
the process of making plans for something.
Urban Area:
This is the region surrounding a city.
Urban and
Regional planning: This is a professional discipline which embraces management
of the physical spaces and the environment.
Socio-economic
Development: Is the process of social and economic development in a society.
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