EFFECTS OF HYDROETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF Sesamumindicum ON SOME REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF FEMALE ALBINO RATS
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EFFECTS OF
HYDROETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF Sesamumindicum ON SOME REPRODUCTIVE
PARAMETERS OF FEMALE ALBINO RATS
ABSTRACT
Phytoestrogens
are natural estrogenic agents present in plants. Phytoestrogens are any plant
compounds structurally and/or functionally similar to ovarian and placental
estrogens and their active metabolites.Sesamumindicum is one of the
phytoestrogen containing seeds used by man for food and medicinal purposes.
Researches have shown that phytoestrogens present in plants might have both
fertility-enhancing and anti-fertility effects. Present studies evaluated the
mean lethal dose of the hydroethanolic seed extract of sesame and the effects
of the extract on some reproductive parameters of female albino rats. Cycling
female rats weighing 120-140g were used for the studies. For the ovulation
study, twenty (20) female rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5)
rats groups II, III and IV received 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg of seeds extract of
S. indicumorally respectively. The animals were dosed at 4 hourly interval for
24 hours. Animals were sacrificed the following morning. For the hormonal level
study, the extract was administered orally to three (3) experimental groups of
five (5) female rats at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg once daily while
control group received distilled water at dose of 1ml/kg for 30 days. The
animals were subsequently sacrificed in the morning of the day after the last
administration. For studies on pregnancy outcome, the extract was administered
orally four (4) groups of five (5) pregnant rats each. Administration was done
once daily from day 1-7 of pregnancy as follows: group I: distilled water (1
ml/kg), group II: 100 mg/kg, group III: 300 mg/kg and group IV 500 mg/kg
respectively, with seeds extract of S. indicum.
The number
of ovarian follicles was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in group IV than
control rats (31.40 + 3.20 vs 22.80 +4.22), while groups II and III had lower
number of follicles than control rats (14.80 + 2.40, 19.80 + 3.40 vs 22.80 +
4.22).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Hormones are
intimately involved in our sex lives, as well as all other aspects of ourlives,
from intrauterine life to death. Of these, the most important are the
socalledsex hormones. Mammalian sexual behavior is controlled by these gonadal
steroids actingat the level of the central nervous system. They are divided
into the male hormones (orandrogens) and the female hormones. While, both sexes
produce both types, those corresponding to the appropriate sex predominate (in
most cases) (Wierman, 2007). Women produce a number of hormones specific to
them, particularly during their childbearing years. The two best-known female
hormones are estrogen and progesterone, sometimes also referred to as sex
hormones. These are produced predominantly in the ovaries, although the adrenal
glands and the placenta of pregnant women also secrete them. Some research has
indicated that estrogen can be manufactured in the brain as well (Haybach,
2010).
The main
female hormone is estrogen. Estrogens display one common biologic activity, the
ability to stimulate growth and maintain the female sex characteristics
(Goldzieher and Castracane, 2008). Estrogen stimulates the development of the
female sex organs both within the fetus and at puberty, creating her
femaleness, her rounded breasts andcurvy hips. It also enhances pheromone
secretion and 'invitational' behavior and her yearning for sexual contact.
Estrogen levels peak just prior to ovulation. They drop off precipitously
during menopause, with consequent vaginal dryness and atrophy and increased
risk of osteoporosis and heart disease (Wierman, 2007).
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