MODULATORY EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA LINNFRUIT ON COGNITION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
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MODULATORY
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA LINNFRUIT ON COGNITION IN
SWISS ALBINO MICE
Abstract
Phoenix
dactylifera fruits possess essential properties such as analgesic, antioxidant,
andnephroprotective activity but there is paucity of information on researches
centered on the benefits of Phoenix dactylifera in learning and memory. This
study was designed to evaluate the effects of Phoenix dactylifera fruit extract
on spatial learning and memory using neurobehavioral paradigms of Morris water,
Barnes, and elevated plus mazes as well as evaluation of acetylcholinesterase
enzyme activity of the brain tissues of the mice studied. Seventy five mice of
both sexes were used for the study and divided into five groups of 5 mice each.
Group 1 (distilled water 10 ml/kg) served as control, group 5 (Piracetam 100
mg/kg) served as positive control. Groups 2-4 were treated withPhoenix
dactylifera extract 1000, 500 and 250 mg/kg respectively. Treatment with
aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera and Piracetam was done 1 hour prior to
the experiment daily for three days (in Morris water and Barnes mazes) and two
days (in elevated plus maze). Results obtained from this study revealed that
Phoenix dactylifera fruit (1000 mg/kg) impaired learning of mice in Morris
water maze (p<0 .05="" and="" barnes=""
between="" but="" control="" did=""
difference="" elevated="" group="" i=""
impair="" in="" maze.="" maze=""
memory="" morris="" no="" not=""
plus="" seen="" significant=""
statistically="" was="" water="">Phoenix
dactylifera
treated
groups in acetylcholinesterase activity in Morris water, Barnes and elevated
plus mazes, but statistically significant difference exist between control
group and Piracetam treated group in acetylcholinesterase activity (p>0.05).
No strong correlation was observed between probe parameters of neurobehavioral
paradigms (frequency of platform crossings, retention and correct head dips in
Morris water, Barnes and elevated plus mazes respectively) and acetylcholinesterase
activity. Acute treatment with aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera fruit
impaired learning in Morris water maze and has no effect on memory in Morris
water, Barnes and elevated plusmazes.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
One of the
major functions of the brain is the flexible adaptation to our ever-changing
environment. The brain possesses executive circuits which do not only monitor
and maintain current behavioral goals but also incorporate new goals and rules.
This updating can come in the form of a quick integration of previously
acquired knowledge when a well-known stimulus informs an animal of a change in
reward contingencies. Hence, such updating requires new learning.Higher
cognitive abilities evolved largely in mammals (Victoria et al., 2014).
Cognitive
neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and
reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation (Schwabe
and Wolf, 2010). The major challenge of neuroscientists today is identifying
therapies or mechanisms that can treat or reverse the effects of memory
complaints and other neurodegenerative disorders. Date palm (known as Phoenix
dactylifera) has been used intreatment of various nervous disorders and memory
complaint (Vyawahare et al., 2009), such as Parkinson‘s disease via acting as
dopamine agonist
(Ali et al.,
2014), Alzheimer‘s and Vascular dementiavia its protective role in cerebral
hypoperfusion (Rohini et al., 2014).
Brain areas
involved in the neuroanatomy of memory include the hippocampus, the amygdala,
the striatum, or the mammillary bodies which are thought to be involved in
specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be
involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is
thought to be involved in emotional memory (Labark and Cabeza, 2006).
Prefrontal cortex and basal ganlia play vital role in storing working memory
(Fiona and Torkel, 2008).
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