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A CRITICAL
ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN FEDERALISM
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Soren
Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of contemporary existentialism.
Existentialism, according to J. I. Omoregbe (39) deals “with concrete existence
as opposed to essence”. This means, for
the existentialists, existence precedes essence. Kierkegaard, described by
Wittgenstein (cited in Pattison, 1) is “by far the most profound thinker of the
last century”. His notion of human existence stems from the fact that Hegel
metaphysical idealism presented human existence in an abstract, objective form.
Kierkegaard saw Hegel’s philosophy “as inadequate because it shifted attention
away from the concrete individual to the concept of universal” (Ozumba 86). For
Ozumba (86) this implies that Hegel “merely invited humans to think instead of
seeing them as existent being that should be involved in decisions and
commitment that have bearing to their individuality and existence”.
Kierkegaard’s thought also served as a reaction against speculative philosophy.
In his
reaction, Kierkegaard built his existential thought in such a manner that it
tended to become “a clarification of issue and an appeal to choose, an attempt
to get men to see their existential situation and the great alternatives with
which they are faced” (Copleston 336). Kierkegaard’s quest was to dismiss the
conception of human existence from abstract object to questions that confront
the individual as an existing being. Questions such as: What is the meaning of
human life? How can one live authentically as a human person? What is the meaning of human freedom? How can
one use his freedom in the face of moral chaos?, are pertinent. Kierkegaard understood existence as a
distinctive way of being, and that humans often focus on thought of a group to
the detriment of their own unique individuality. Other than being an authentic
individual, he is therefore subsumed in the crowd, thus, losing his individual
self to abstract objective and societal control. In this sense, what it means,
therefore, to be an authentic human being forms energetic question prompting
this research on Soren Kierkegaard.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The question
of human existence has attracted so many considerations. There are some who
approached it from the point of view of its absurdity and meaninglessness. Most
of such people are atheists like Martin Heidegger, with Albert Camus and Jean
Paul Sartre who played down very much, the essence of human existence as Hegel
also did. However, there is the other group of existentialists who discussed
human existence as a worthwhile venture. Such include the chief founder of
contemporary existentialism in the person of Soren Kierkegaard. These
philosophers expounded certain existential tenets which according to Lescoe (9)
are geared towards “analyzing the basic structures of human existence and to
call individuals to an awareness of their existence in its essential freedom”.
The problem
of human existence is related wholly to this concept of freedom. Its use and
abuse makes and mars man respectively. This is because freedom remains the
pivot upon which man asserts himself. It is his relationship to this that categorizes
him either as authentic or inauthentic individual. Thus, the measure of the
meaningfulness or meaninglessness of life is highly subjective but whichever
way it is determined by the degree of commitment which one puts in as he tries
to assert himself by the exercise of freedom.
Another
question to be examined here remains whether one can live authentically when
one has no authentic relation to the community which Kierkegaard regard as the
crowd? It also takes into consideration the question of freedom and choice,
man’s quest for existential meaning and Kierkegaard’s analysis of man’s stages
on life way.
It is
therefore in a bid to clarify some of these mind-bogging issues that the
researcher is out to expose what Kierkegaard considers to be the gauge or the
standard of meaningful human existence. With this in view, the work is a
confrontation of man with the naked facts of his freedom and duty through which
he makes the best out of his life as an individual.
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