INFLUENCE OF NUTRITION AND BODY CONDITION AT FIRST MATING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS IN THE HUMID TROPICS
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INFLUENCE OF NUTRITION AND BODY
CONDITION AT FIRST MATING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS IN THE HUMID
TROPICS
ABSTRACT
Two
experiments were conducted at the piggery unit of the Department of Animal
Science
Farm,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, from July 2007 to March 2009, to determine the
effect
of nutrition
and body condition at first mating on the reproductive performance of gilts.
The
first
experiment evaluated the effects of feeding different combinations of protein
and energy
diets on age
at onset of first observed oestrus, growth rate, backfat reserve and body
condition
score of the gilts from weaning to puberty. Fifty-four (54), eight week old
weaner
gilts were
used for this trial.
They were
randomly assigned to nine experimental treatment
diets having
different combinations of protein (16%, 18% and 20% crude protein) and energy
(2800
kcal/kg, 3000kcal/kg and 3200kcal/kg) with six (6) gilts per treatment. The
gilts in
each
treatment were housed in pairs making up three (3) replicates per treatment.
Estrus
detection
was carried out twice daily at 0800hr and 1600hrs in the presence of mature
boar
beginning
from the age of five months. Blood samples were collected from two pigs per
treatment by
humane puncture of the ear vein for haematological and biochemical analysis. In
addition,
two (2) gilts from each treatment were randomly selected, slaughtered and their
reproductive
organs excised and examined. Linear body measurements (body length, chest
girth,
height at withers and flank-to-flank) were also recorded. Data collected were
analyzed
according to
factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD)
whereas
stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to generate prediction
equations
between body weight and linear body measurements. In experiment 2, eighteen
(18) gilts
with different body conditions and backfat thickness were selected and assigned
to
experimental
treatments with six gilts per treatment. All the gilts were weighed and mated
twice at the
second observed estrus.
Pregnancy
was confirmed by the gilt not returning to
heat after
21 days of observation for signs of heat after breeding. Gilts were fed 2.1 kg
of an
18% CP diet
daily throughout gestation. Their feed was increased to 3.0 kg of feed daily
during
lactation until weaning. Gilts were monitored and their reproductive indices
recorded
throughout
gestation and lactation. The pre-weaning performances of their piglets were
also
recorded
until weaning at day 35. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of
variance
(ANOVA) for a completely randomized design (CRD). Results of the first
experiment
indicated that diet containing 3000kcal/kg or 3200kcal/kg metabolizable energy
and 18%
crude protein was the optimum required for gilts to grow faster and reach the
minimum
threshold of age, body weight, backfat reserve and body condition necessary for
early
attainment of first oestrus and future reproductive processes. On the other
hand, the
result also
showed that when pork of a moderate fatness (lean pork) is in demand, gilts
should
be fed diets
having 2800kcal/kg of metabolisable energy and either 16 or 18% crude protein.
High
coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.96, 0.95, 0.93 and 0.45,
respectively, were
recorded
between body (Y) weight and body length (BL), heart girth (HG), flank-to-flank
(FF) and
height-at-withers (HW) measurements. Prediction equations for body weight of
the
gilts were,
Y = 0.83 x BL – 33.53, Y = 1.07 x HG – 37.86, Y = 1.22 x FF – 37.14 and Y =
0.86 x HW –
14.83. Results of the multiple linear regression showed that with effective
management,
farmers, researchers and prospective pig buyers can use the prediction
equations
for body length, heart girth and flank-to-flank measurements to easily estimate
the
body weight
of their pigs especially, during selection, drug administration and/or
determination
of market weight and prices. In the second experiment, results showed that
body
condition of gilts at mating affected their gestation weight gain, lactation
body weight
losses,
litter size at birth and weaning, growth rate of their piglets, pre-weaning
mortality and
weaning-to-estrus
intervals, etc in favour of gilts with normal and fat body conditions. It was
concluded
that in any commercial pig industry where the management is interested in
increasing
sow lifetime productivity, replacement gilts should be scored for body
condition
TABLE OF
CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
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