ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW,
PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL
PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE
PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953,
08168759420
DETERMINATION
OF RESILIENCE OF BROILER FARMS
ABSTRACT
The
contributions of the poultry farms to Nigerian
economic development will depend on its resilience to distortions in the ever changing economic
scenario.This study evaluates the resilience status of poultry (broiler) farms
in Delta state, Nigeria. Well structured questionnaire was used to collect
primary data from randomly selected 200
broiler farms in Delta central
and Delta north agricultural zones. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression
and broiler enterprise budget techniques were used to analyze the data
collected. The results from the descriptive statistics shows that the broiler
farms in this study are dominated by literate (82%) male farmers (64%) within
the age bracket of 40-45 years (35.5%). Majority of the farm operators are
married (48%). The broiler enterprise budget analysis shows that the resilience
threshold value for small scale farms is N 70,000 while the resilience
threshold value for large scale poultry farms is N2,000,000. The percentage gap
between observed revenue and breakeven revenue was used as a measure of broiler
farms resilience status. The study reveals that the resilience status of the
small scale broiler farms is 28% and the resilience status of the large scale
farms is 31%. But the average resilience status for the broiler industry is
30%. The result from the study shows that the proportion of small scale
resilient broiler farms is 106(58%) and the non resilient farms is 76(42%). The
proportion of large scale resilient broiler farms is 13(72%) and the non
resilient farms is 5(28%). The results of multiple regression show that
finanial variables: retained earnings (2.98**), contingency fund (3.68**),
liquidity ratio (5.67**) have a positive and a significant (P<0.05)
relationship with the resilience status of broiler farms but and debt equity
ratio(-2.89**) has a negative (P<0.05)relationship with the resilience
status of the broiler farms. Non financial variables: stability of
income(4.96**), social network membership(3.54**), access to basic
amenities(3.88**), self motivation(4.18**), adaptive properties(2.590**),
inherent properties (2.139**) have a
positive and a significant (P<0.05) relationship with the resilience status
of broiler farms.The result of the resilience threshold model shows that resilience threshold gap has a positive
and a significant (P<0.05)relationship with the resilience status of the
broiler farms. We recommended that Seminars, workshop and conferences should be
organised periodically by the government and non governmental agencies to educate
farmers on how to cope with the ever changing environment. The study recommends
that Poultry farm operators should acquire skills and financial analysis in
order to develop the ability to detect early signals of bankruptcy.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Agriculture
remains a key sector in the global economy even as industrial and service
sector continues to grow. African agriculture is affected by globalization and
climate change but is still fundamental to economic and social development in
Africa. Agriculture is regarded as the most important sector in the economies
of most non oil exporting African countries.
Agribusiness
refers to a business that is linked with agricultural production, the provision
of finance, machinery, fertilizers, seeds, etc. Small scale agribusiness is a
modern form of agricultural business ventures operated strictly for the purpose
of achieving profit (Olayide and Heady, 1982; Downey and Erickson, 1987).
Chukwuma, (1999) noted that the agribusiness sector is divided into small,
medium and large scale enterprises. Agribusiness is the privately owned and
operated. It may be characterized by the following features:
Ownership
and management are often rested on the same individual,
They tend to
have small share and have no control over the market,
Capital is
usually small and made available by the owner(s),
They employ
usually less than 100 persons
Agribusiness
enterprises are vital for the growth and development of Nigeria economy.
Omeresan (2004) stated that for the agribusiness sector to survive and grow in
this present volatile business environment, appropriate strategies must be
developed and adopted by entrepreneurs. Such strategies should be properly
investigated. The survival and growth of the agribusiness enterprises could be
highly constrained by the physical, institutional and economic shocks in
Nigeria. (Adebayo et al, 2004). During the second half of the 19th century a
growing number of African agribusiness firms became involved in the international
trade with agricultural products. This occurs as a result of an increase in
trade, improved incomes in Europe and increased demand for tropical products.
Many local systems of production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) benefited from
this trend (Mkpado, 2012). Global firm level of agribusiness may likely face
multiple challenges over the coming decades. The centrality of agribusiness is
the interface between agriculture, and the rural sector cannot be ignored. This
is because agribusiness has the capacity to provide greater employment, higher
incomes, poverty alleviation and provision of Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) through their requisite infrastructure (Dike, 1991, Anyanwu, 1997,
Dunmoye, 1997).
Agribusiness
firm responsibility is to produce more
food to feed an increasingly affluent and growing world population that will
demand a more diverse diet, contribute to overall development and poverty
alleviation in many developing countries, confront increased competition for
alternative uses of finite land and water resources, adapt to climate change,
and contribute to preserving biodiversity and restoring fragile ecosystems.
Agriculture continues to contributed heavily to the incomes of the rural
poor. Improving agribusiness
productivity, while conserving and enhancing natural resources, is an essential
requirement for increased global food supplies on a sustainable basis. The role
of smallholder agribusiness in increasing agribusiness productivity growth
sustainably is very crucial. The productivity of most agribusiness firms is
generally lagging.
Agribusiness
literature refers to resilience as either survival, whether the business is
open after a disruption, or how long a business is able to remain open after a
disruption (Wasileski et al, 2011; Stafford et al, 2010). Other business
studies defined resilience as a recovery that is a return to pre-disaster
levels of activity, like the level of employment and profits prior to the
disaster (Brewton et al, 2010). According to Marshall and Schrank (2014) a
business is characterized as either being closed or opened in the initial
period following a disaster. In period two the business is considered demised
if it cannot reopen. Businesses that are open can either be considered
survived, recovered or resilient. A business is survived if it is operating
below pre-disaster levels in terms of employment and profits. A survived
business is one that can cover its variable and fixed costs and is operating at
pre-disaster levels. Resilience is an adaptive process. Either the business was
adequately prepared to withstand the impact of the disaster with little impact
or has made adjustments to their operation in order to be prepared for any
future shock that may occur in course of production. The first type of business
is considered resilient. The second type of business may be considered
resilient after they implement necessary changes, though this resilience is not
tested until they experience a similar disaster.
Terney and
Bruneau. (2007) defined resilience in two ways: they are the inherent
resilience and adaptive resilience Inherent resilience refers to the ability of
the poultry farms to function well during non crisis times. It has already been
built within the system. Adaptive resilience refers to the ability of the
poultry farms to demonstrate flexibility during and after disasters i.e the
ability to adapt and exercise creativity in addressing disasters when they
occur.
Vaitla et
al. (2012) also describe the concept of resilience, and quote the following definition
of resilience from DFID: as “the ability of an agribusiness firm to manage change, by maintaining or
transforming living standards in the face of shocks or stresses—such as
earthquakes, drought or violent conflict—without compromising their long-term
prospects.” Some factors determine firms response or elasticity to shock, i.e.
whether and why farm firms “bounce back better”; “bounce back”; “recover, but
worse than before”; or “collapse.”
Frankenberger
et al. (2012), provide an overview of guiding principles for developing
resilience to crises, targeted at donor agencies. They defined resilience as
the ability of countries, communities, households and firms to efficiently
anticipate, adapt to, and recover from the effects of potentially hazardous
occurrences (natural disasters, economic instability, and conflict) in a manner
that protects livelihoods, increase and sustains recovery, and supports
economic growth. They also emphasise the importance of developing
multi-sectoral coordination in order to build resilience.
According to
DFID approach paper (2011): Disaster Resilience is the ability of countries,
communities, households and firms to manage change, by maintaining or
transforming living standards or firm’s performance in the face of shocks or
stresses – such as earthquakes, drought or violent conflict – without
compromising their long-term prospects. Resilience framework includes analysis
of the following four elements (i) the context ;(ii) the disturbance (shocks or
long-term stresses);(iii) the capacity to deal with the disturbance (which
depends upon the extent of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity); and
(iv) the reaction to the disturbance. The concept of resilience has brought
together efforts from different fields including (i) disaster risk reduction
(ii) climate change adaptation, and (iii) social protection. Following DFID
(2011) hypothesis, determination of resilience status of farms can be a useful
strategic tool for dealing with fragility and bankruptcy of agribusiness firms.
The success of these firms in producing resilient agribusiness will have a
positive impact on agribusiness productivity which will subsequently have
global implications in strengthening the resilience of food markets, enhancing
food security, improving wellbeing, promoting sustainability and ensuring
adequate raw materials for growing agribusiness enterprises (Interagency Report
to the Mexican G20 Presidency 2012).
The economic
importance of the poultry-based agribusiness sector, such as its contribution
to gross domestic product (GDP) or employment creation has been well recognised
in research and policy debates. More recently, positive social contributions of
poultry businesses have been explored. There is the growing body of evidence
recognising the potential role of poultry agribusiness sub-sector in
contributing to enhance the national economic diversification drive and the
overall national economic resilience against financial and non financial
factors.
However, the
extent to which poultry agribusiness can contribute to national economic
development will depend on its resilience to financial and non financial
variables i.e coping with the ever changing economic environment. It is
important to investigate the resilience status, resilience features and assess
how well entrepreneurs adopt features in shaping the resilience of poultry
agribusinesses in Delta state, Nigeria.
The study of
Steiner and Cleary (2014) suggest three domains that determine business
resilience i.e context/location domain, business specific/profile domain and
entrepreneurial innovative characteristics/risk taking domain. Location domain
has to do with either the business is located in an urban area or a rural area.
Profile domain depends on the type of business while the risk taking domain is
the ability of the entrepreneur to undertake risk by making use of new
innovations without considering the risk involve. These domains if well
investigated will strengthen the resilience status of the poultry agribusiness
sector against endogenous and exogenous factors.
Therefore,
resilience-enhancing activities in agribusiness sector such as the development
of social/human, technological/physical, financial/economic, natural/environmental,
and political assets can be used to deal with stress or business shocks. This
can only be justified through the evaluation of the resilience status of
poultry farms in Delta state, Nigeria.
1.2
Statement of Problem
Bankruptcy
has often plagued the poultry sector and
has reduce the number of functional poultry farms and their contribution to
national development. The Nigerian government has focused its attention on the
bailout of the ailing poultry farms and make them resilient to disruptions.
With the aim of contributing to national objective of resilience- building of
poultry farms, this study investigates the determination of resilience of
broiler farms in Delta state, Nigeria. Determination of firm’s resilience
status is the starting stage of bailout mechanism for the ailing poultry farms.
Poultry (broiler) agribusiness survival depends on financial and non financial
attributes of the poultry farms. Some entrepreneurs lack the relevant knowledge
of factors that cause business failure or lack the required knowledge of
business resilience indicators for absorbing shocks or disruptions when they
occur. Dealing with these attributes will require the analysis of domains of
resilience. The essence to situate the sources of resilience capacity of poultry
farms and how it can be enhanced for poultry sector development. However, an
empirical study of the resilience status of poultry (broiler) farms is yet to
be done in Delta state despite its contribution to economic development. As it stands, estimate model of resilience
index has not been derived or developed to evaluate the continuous existence or
sustainability of poultry farms. There is need for concerted efforts to
determine the resilience status of the poultry (broiler) farms and associated
factors.
The study
was designed to provide answers to the following research questions.
(i) What is the resilience index for
broiler farms Delta state?
(ii) What is the resilience status of the
broiler farms in Delta state?
(iii) What is the proportion of resilient
and non resilient broiler farms in the study area?
(iv) What are the financial factors
underpinning resilience of broiler farms?
(v) What are the non financial factors
underpinning resilience of broiler farms?
HOW
TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE,
print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy
our complete written material(s).
HOW
TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After
paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the
following information to
08068231953
or 08168759420
(1)
Your project topics
(2)
Email Address
(3)
Payment Name (If you made a transfer)
(4)
Teller Number (If you made a direct deposit)
We
will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK
ACCOUNTS
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
UBA.
FOR
MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953
or 08168759420
AFFILIATE LINKS:
www.myeasyproject.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.net.ng
www.easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng
www.easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.projectmaterials.com.ng
www.googleprojectsng.blogspot.com
www.myprojectsng.blogspot.com.ng
www.projectmaterialsng.blogspot.com.ng
Comments
Post a Comment