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EFFECT OF CHILD TRAFFICKING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS
IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world with an
estimated population of about 140 million people (2006, Census), is endowed
with abundant human and natural resources like oil, tin, limestone, zinc,
natural gas, good vegetation and climate which varies from being equatorial in
the South, tropical in the centre and arid in the north. This great country,
3rd world largest producer of crude oil has about 5.3% annual growth rate but
it is estimated that 70% of Nigerians live in poverty (Tola, 2008). The above
features are legacies of decades prolonged military rules coupled with
mis-management and corruption, which have daily impoverished the people and
made them “beggars” of a sort amdist plenty. This act of misrule has increased
anti-social behaviour amongst the populace. Sadly, the quest for material
wealth at all cost has introduced a new dimension of wealth creation into the
psyche of Nigerians-which is child trafficking. Child trafficking is the third
largest criminal activity in the world after arms and drug trafficking (Tola,
2008). In the last decade, the phenomenon of child trafficking has considerably
increased throughout the world and most especially in Nigeria.
Every year, million of individuals, mostly children are
misled by decot or forced to submit to servitude. The UN Convention Against
Transnational Organized Crime (2000) defined child trafficking as follows: “the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by
means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, of abuse of power, giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the
purpose of exploitation” “exploitation shall include at a minimum, the
exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar or
slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.
ANPPCAN (2010) sees child trafficking as the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children by means of threat
or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse
of power a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments,
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over the child for
the purpose of exploitation. Research evidence shows that children are
trafficked for the purpose of domestic services, prostitution and other forms
of exploitative labour (UNICEF, 2007). These has been a serious concern about
the cause of child trafficking in African as a whole and Nigeria as a country
in particular.
UNICEF (2007) has identified poverty, large family size,
rapid urbanization among others as the major factor why many Nigeria children
are vulnerable to trafficking. Parent with large family are often prone to
those traffickers deceit in giving away some of their children to city
residents or even strangers promising a better life for them. Trafficking
deprives child victims the privilege to exercise their wide range of rights,
including the right to belong and identify, the right to freedom, education
among others. ANPPCAN (2010). As a result of this, the study on the causes,
effects, and remedies of child trafficking in Nigeria is worth pursing. It is
hoped that the findings of this study will provide meaningful information as to
the stoppage of the act in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Children living in rural areas in Nigeria often lack access
to quality education, good health and other basic needs which make their
parents to entrust them in the hands of other family members who are
financially upright to help them train their children.
It is impossible to ever reach a consensus on the true scale
of the problem but, regardless of the figures, what matters is that human
trafficking is big and getting bigger. What matters is that every numbers
represents a human life destroyed. it is happening on every continent and in
almost every country: whether the place we live is a source, destination or
transit point for trafficking, none of us can claim to be wholly unaffected by
this crime. One of the biggest impediments to anti-trafficking efforts is a
lack of understanding of the issue. Trafficking, and consequently, the measures
taken to combat it, is often entangled with people smuggling, immigration and
asylum, prostitution and other forms of organized crime. It must be emphasized
that the essence of trafficking is the forced exploitation of individuals by
those in the position to exert power over them.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE
STUDY
The purpose
of the study is:
i). To look at
the origin and development of child trafficking in Nigeria.
ii). To examine
the causes of child trafficking in Nigeria
iii). To analyse
the effects of child trafficking in Nigeria, socially, politically and
economically.
iii). To proffer
solutions to the problems of child trafficking in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
(i)
What is the relationship between poverty and child trafficking?
(ii) Does
peer influence positively promote child trafficking?
(iii) What
is the position of legal framework on child trafficking?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
This study
will be of great importance, as it will provide necessary information on the
causes, effect and remedies to child trafficking in Nigeria. It will also
provide further research in combating trafficking in Nigeria. The study will
also be useful for further researches into child trafficking within and outside
the country. Thus enhancing step to preventing human trafficking and
prosecuting the traffickers is therefore to recognize the complexity of the
crime which cannot be tackled in a vacuum. Anti-trafficking strategies have to
be embedded in every policy area, from improving female education. In source
countries so that girls are less vulnerable to trafficking to increasing police
pay in destination countries so that officers are less susceptible to bribery.
We cannot
allow ourselves to marginalize the issue of trafficking, viewing it as
something that can be ended with a few extra task forces or dedicated units. We
need everyone to be aware of how it affects them, and what they can do stop it.
Laudable efforts in this direction should be made. No doubt that in 2000, the
United Nations Launched the protocol to prevent, suppress and punish
trafficking in persons, which establish a victim-centred approach to
trafficking, which has since been signed by 177 countries including Nigeria.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
The study
will be restricted to the causes, effects of child trafficking in Nigeria.
Solution to the problems of child trafficking will also be sought in the cause
of this research.
1.7 LIMITATION OF
THE STUDY
This
research focuses on the causes, effects and remedies of child trafficking in
Nigeria but due to finance, time and other factors, the study will be limited
to Abeokuta Metropolis particularly in Odeda Local Government.
1.8 DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Child: Child in this study means any person less than
eighteen years of age.
Trafficking: The recruitment, transfer, harbouring, or
receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.
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