THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOGRAPHY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING
AND LEARNING OF GEOGRAPHY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The word geography is coined from two Greek words 'Geo'
meaning earth and 'grapghy' meaning to describe. Therefore, geography can also
be defined as description of the earth. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία,
geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science
devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the
phenomena of Earth. Geography is unique in bridging the social sciences (human
geography) with the natural sciences (physical geography). Geography is simply
defined as a science that deals with Earth's surface. People who study
geography are called geographers. Geographers are interested in Earth's
physical features, such as mountains, deserts, rivers, and oceans. They are
also interested in the ways that people affect and are affected by the natural
world. Geography has everything to do with our Everyday Life. Geography is the
study of place, and seeks to understand the ways in which humans influence
their environment, and in turn explore the influence the environment has on
humans. Quite simply, it is the study of the world around us. Instructional
materials are materials which assist teachers to make their lessons explicit to
learners. They are also used to transmit information, ideas and notes to
learners (Ijaduola (1997). Instructional materials include both visuals and
audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards, posters, charts, tape recorder,
radio, video, television, computers among others. These materials serve as
supplement to the normal processes of instruction.Instructional materials
according to Emma and Ajayi (2004) are those things which help teaching and
learning process. It helps to promote understanding of the concept and
generalization by making lesson practical and realistic. Any teacher who has
the interest of the student at heart is bound to think of the ways and means he
will employ to make his teaching and learning process moiré effective and more
interesting to students. Bassey (2002) opinioned that Science is resource
intensive, and in a period of economic recession, it may be very difficult to
find some of the electronic gadgets and equipment for the teaching of geography
in senior secondary schools adequately. According to Adeniyi (2000), the effect
of instructional materials is to communicate more permanently, health related
issues, and information is retained when supplemented with aid. Certainly
instructional materials when carefully selected and skillfully used will make
learning more effective. Therefore it becomes necessary to investigate the
importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of biology.
However, man and animal possess the necessary abilities for learning. In other
words, they are potential learners. Certain factors within and outside the
learner determine how effectively each individual learn. Instructional
materials can be in different forms such as textual and nontextual, the visual
the auditory and audiovisual. Witwoth and Benson (2003), indicate that there
is a need for research on the use and effectiveness of visual instructional
materials in biology classroom that would enhances its teaching. With these
concerns in mind and the educational development, The current study is carried
out to address the issues associated with the effect of instructional materials
in geography teachinglearning in Senior Secondary schools. Schools should
provide enough instructional materials to enable teachers clarify their lesson.
Adequate infrastructure facilities and condusive atmosphere for effective
teaching learning of geography and retention of what is learnt. Schools should
send their geography teachers to seminars and workshops in order to update
their knowledge.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
The effect of usinginstructional materials in geography
teaching learning has been widely researched but many questions are still
remains unanswered. The needs for exploring locally available materials as an
alternative for the grossly unavailable materials in our schools,
resourcefulness of the teacher must be in line with the learners’ curriculum
and environment so that classroom teaching does not have to be retarded by lack
of funds. Hence, government must strive to develop her local technology in all
its ramifications, since geography is interested in providing solutions to man’s
problems holistically. Many writers in geography have pointed out the grossly
unavailability of instructional materials coupled with teachers attitude
towards the utilization during classroom teachinglearning situations.
Instructional materials not available in our schools, teachers are not
improvising and/or reluctant in using them. Thus, this research attempt to
Identify various secondary schools that required instructional materials in
teaching geography, Identify instructional materials needed for effective
teaching and learning of geography in senior secondary school, Identify
instructional materials available in senior secondary schools and Identify the
effectiveness of instructional materials like chalkboard, funnel board, model
real things, overhead projector, tape recorders, radio, television etc, in the
performance of students in senior secondary schools, Yaba LCDA.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
The main objective of the study to ensure the effectiveness
of the use of effective teachinglearning of geography in senior secondary
schools, Yaba LCDA.
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