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EFFECTIVENESS
OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN ADVOCATING CHANGE IN THE SOCIETY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Civil
society organizations (CSOs) play an increasing important role in governance
and development around the world. In many countries, CSOs have become important
actors in the delivery of social services and the implementation of other
national development programmes to complement what States sometimes fail to
provide to their citizens (Ulanga, 2009).
First, CSOs
act at a local and national level. They provide a certain amount of services to
the population, public authorities and even businesses. In several countries,
they play a key role in the fulfillment of social, cultural and welfare
services, be it as a separate self-financed organization or in cooperation with
national governments and local public authorities. They are thus involved in
public missions and public services which are facing new challenges and may
experience tremendous changes in the future. To a great extent, the development
CSOs and their relationship to the state on governance issues has been a
reflection of the prevailing socio-economic and political environment (Kiondo,
2004).
According to
Diamond (1999), a vibrant civil society is sine qua non to the sustenance of
any nation‘s development. Studies have shown that the role of civil society
groups is vital in the political, social and economic development of African
countries.
Before
independence, there was a dominance of about 51 religious organizations,
labour, linguistic and ethnic organizations and dance clubs. However, several
studies reveal that even those few organizations which sometime during the
struggle for independence were vocal and autonomous were later on when the
country went into single party banned while others were decentralized and fall under
the control of the state. For example, the Ruvuma Development Association was
banned in 1969 because the regional authorities saw its autonomy and emphasis
on democracy as a threat (LHRC, 2011).
In the late
1980s and 1990s Kiondo (2004) says that, Nigeria underwent major social
economic and political transformation. In the economic sphere, it moved from a
centralized economic system to economic liberalization while in the political
sphere the country moved from a single party system to multiparty system. This
new orientation created a space for voluntary action in the form of civic
associations. As such in the 1980s and 1990s Nigeria witnessed an unprecedented
growth of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs).
While some
CSOs are doing notable work in the area of advocating the rights of vulnerable
groups, especially women and children, other CSOs deal with good governance and
poverty reduction strategies (Civicus, 2008). For instance in Nigeria,
political parties and a number of other CSOs have been providing opposition to
the ruling political party that has wielded the reins of power since
independence in 1961. Close to the times of general elections, which are held
once after every five years, several CSOs get involved in raising voters’
awareness on election matters, and during elections, they help in the
monitoring of electoral process. The economic reform programmes have also been
an area of interest of CSOs, some of which have been actively involved in
ensuring that the benefits of economic reforms reach people at the grassroots
level, through such initiatives as public expenditure tracking (PETS) (Civicus,
2011).
For over two
decades now, the process of globalization has been influencing the
socioeconomic environment in countries. While globalization provides new
opportunities for economic development to countries through trade
liberalization, foreign direct investment, capital flows, information exchange
and technological transfer, it has meant increased deprivation for those
nations which have been unable to adjust to the new requirements of global
society. Thus, on one hand while we witness rapid economic growth and
prosperity in some regions, there are more than a billion people who continue
to live in poverty with purchasing power of less than a dollar a day. In the
poorest countries, about one fifth of the children die in the first year of
their birth, nearly half of those who survive are malnourished and a
significant proportion of the population does not have access to clear water,
sanitation, basic health services and education.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
While many
of the civil society organizations in the country strive to influence the
government and policy makers on various issues of people’s interest, the
government continues to mistrust them and even misunderstand their roles. Many
CSOs express concerns that although the government has changed its attitude
towards the private sector as a partner in development process, it has not
changed its attitude towards Civil Society Organizations (Ingelstam and
Karlstedt, 2007).
Although
several studies have contributed towards exploring the key problems facing CSOs
in Nigeria, most of them have not examined the effectiveness of these CSOs in
advocating change in the society. It is this reason which has inspired the
researcher into carrying out an analytical examination of the effectiveness of
civil society organizations (specifically Nigeria Labor congress) in advocating
change in the society.
While trying
to fulfill these functions, governments all over the world, have pursued
policies that were generally considered to be unpopular, insensitive and
inimical to public interest. Some governments have also taken certain actions
which inadvertently trampled on the rights and liberties of the people. Yet
other government policies have been similarly adjudged as environmentally
unfriendly. Some government policies may sometimes unleash momentary hardships
onto the people and this goes uncontested in reality. But considered on the
whole, the long term benefits society may derive from such very policies,
sometimes, could be beyond measure.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general
objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of civil society
organizations in advocating change in the society, a case study of Nigeria
Labor Congress. The specific objectives of this study include the following:
1. To find
out the perception of the Nigeria Labor Congress on the necessity of advocating
change in the society.
2. To
ascertain the areas Nigeria Labor Congress has been successful in advocating
change in society.
3. To assess
the mechanisms used by Nigeria Labor Congress in advocating change in society.
4. To
examine the factors limiting Nigeria Labor Congress in advocating change in
society.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The relevant
research questions related t this study include the following:
1. What is
the perception of the Nigeria Labor Congress on the necessity of advocating
change in the society?
2. What are
the areas Nigeria Labor Congress has been successful in advocating change in
society?
3. What are
the mechanisms used by Nigeria Labor Congress in advocating change in society?
4. What are
the factors limiting Nigeria Labor Congress in advocating change in society?
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