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EFFECT OF
COMMUNITY POLICING ON CRIME PREVENTION IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Neighbourhood
watch is one of the traditional and best known crime prevention concepts in
North America. It was popularly known as the neighbourhood watch organization
in Pasadena Hills, under the direction of St. Louis Country Police Officer,
Kyle Jundt, resident Geno Salvati and resident Ed Tyler. The International Code
of Enforcement Ethics reveals the primary reason for establishing formal police
system in any society thus: as a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty
is to serve mankind and property; to safeguard lives and property; to protect
the innocent against deception; the weak against oppression or intimidation,
and the peaceful against violence and disorder; and to respect constitutional
rights of all the men to liberty, equity and justice (Qadri, 2005). Admittedly,
the main role of the police is to enforce law and order, safeguard lives and
property, and render other essential services in the society. Put in a
different way, fighting crimes and criminals is so difficult that the police
and other law enforcement agencies alone cannot perform this task and achieve
maximum positive results. Since the most visible part of criminal activities
take place at the neighbourhood level, policing agencies need public support
and co-operation. Intensive partnership and collaborative efforts of both the
formal and informal agents of social control remain preconditions for a
possible near ‘crime-free’ society (a complete crime free society is utopia);
in other words, the idea will lead to a great success in crime prevention and
control in the community.
Community
policing is in hand with systematic relationship between the police and the
entire people in the community. Police roles and functions are not simply law
enforcement but also include tackling a huge range of community problems. The
movement from traditional policing to community policing is a universal
phenomenon and the Nigeria police cannot be an exception to this. Indeed,
community policing as a philosophy and practice is a veritable vehicle for
police reforms (Okiro, 2007). The Nigeria police in 2004, adopted community
policing as a practical approach to police reforms. The stage was indeed set
for a clear departure from traditional policing, that was reactive and incident
based, to a problem solving oriented policing that is proactive with the
community as the important part of policing objectives (Abdulrahaman, 2007).
Community policing is a paradigm
shift that seeks to focus on constructive engagement with people who are the
end users of the police service and renegotiate the agreement between the
people and the police therefore making the community co-producers of justice
and a quality police force. The most recent attempt made by the Nigeria police
force to improve its performance was the introduction of community policing
programme in 2004. This was part of the Nigerian Police force’s effort to
change policing to a new and professional policing capable of ensuring and
maintaining proper security of lives and property in Nigeria. Community
oriented policing is a proactive measure that promotes curbing criminal act.
Conclusively,
the police involvement in community affairs is another strong strategy that
allows the police to display themselves as both private citizens and State
agents of social control. Community policing under this programme or strategy
presents the police as servants of the society who, should in a reasonable
manner, enforce law and order and ensure public compliance with policies.
Extant studies also attest that the involvement of police in community affairs
has actually yielded fruitful results. For instance, Quinney (1974) affirmed
that when the community collaborates with police personnel in maintaining
social order, it helps the legal system also to be increasingly used in
criminal justice administration. The police are viable instrument for building
an inclusive and organised community policing in Nigeria. Police involvement in
community affairs facilitates rapid and timely control of persistence
rebellion, whether in outright political processes or behaviour that otherwise,
violates the rules of the society. Community policing also helps the State
policing actors to exercise its repressive force on the people in order to
achieve compliance with the law (see also Kelly & Clark, 2003). This
technique can be employed only in a physically and socially disorganised
community. In more disorganised areas, some experts pointed out, police use
aggressive tactics to reduce crime and ‘take back the streets’ before building
relations with community leaders (Siegel, 2008 citing Nolan, Conti &
McDevitt, 2004).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In spite the
efforts of various police administrations to curb crime in Nigeria, crime and
social disorder in Nigeria, it is obvious that there is still persistence of
crime in the country. Thousands of lives and millions of naira worth of
property are being lost as a result of one crime or the other. Some believed
that the inability of the Nigeria police to ensure maximum security in the
country is as a result of so many social and technical challenges ranging from
lack of necessary tools to curb crime in the community and lack of maximum
cooperation by the people in the communities ( Dawn Newspaper, 2011).
Corruption
in the Nigeria police force is fuelling abuses against ordinary citizens and
severely undermining the rule of law in Nigeria on a daily basis. Numerous
ordinary Nigerians have been accosted by countless armed police officers who
specialized at demanding bribes and committing human rights abuses against by
extorting money from them. These abuses range from ordinary arrest and unlawful
detention to threats and acts of violence, including sexual assault, torture,
and even extrajudicial killings (Human Rights Watch, 2010).
Police is
not unique. Corruption is now rampant in the Nigeria police force. Various
issues of corruption concerning the commission have been seen and reported.
However, the issue of corruption in the Nigeria police as noted above cannot be
treated in isolation of the larger society. Corruption in the police is so
prevalent that it has destroyed people’s trust and confidence they have in the
police. Because of this prevalence of corruption in Nigeria and in the force,
this study then aimed at investigating the effect of community policing on
crime in Nigeria.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
These are
some of the questions the study is designed to answer:
i) what is the prevalence of
community policing on crime reduction in Nigeria?
ii) what are the factors that
affect community policing in Nigeria?
iii) what are the efforts taken by
the government to ensure better community policing in Nigeria?
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