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TAX POLICY
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF REVENUE PROFILE OF NIGERIA
(A CASE
STUDY OF NIGERIAN CUSTOMS)
1.1
background of the study
The Nigerian
Tax System has undergone significant changes in recent times. With the help of
various studies and research done by tax experts, tax laws are being reviewed
with the aim of repelling outdated provisions and simplifying the main ones.
Under current Nigerian law, taxation is enforced by the 3 tiers of Government,
i.e. Federal, State, and Local Government with each having its sphere clearly
spelt out in the Taxes and Levies.
Adam smith
(1976) in his book said that ‘tax is a ability imposed upon the essence by a
public authority, to pay specified amount within a specified period.
The
definition point towards one direction that is the characteristic of tax,
firstly, it is compulsory contribution imposed by government on the people with
her jurisdiction since this is a compulsory payment, any person that refuses to
pay a tax is liable to punishment. Secondly, it is also a compulsory payment
imposed by the government agent on people that is able to pay. And thirdly, a
tax is a payment made by the payer which is used by the government for the
benefit of the citizens. Fourthly, a tax is not levied in return of any special
service rendered to the tax payers by government. Thus tax payers cannot get
any special benefit from government in return.
Tax policy
seeks to provide a set of guidelines, rules and modus operand that would
regulate Nigeria tax system and provide a basis for tax legislation and tax
administration in Nigeria. Tax administration which also refers to the
implementation of tax policy, including tax payer compliance with tax rules, it
enumerates the monetary chargers imposed by government on individuals,
companies, transactions or properties for the purpose of revenue generation.
However, tax revenue mobilization as a source of financing developmental
activities in less developed economies has been a difficult issue primarily
because of various forms of resistance, such as evasion and corrupt practices
attending to it. These activities are considered as sabotaging the economy and
are readily presented as reasons for slow or none development of the country.
Government collects taxes in order to provide non-revenue services such as
infrastructure, education, health, communications system etc, providing
employment opportunities and essential public services (such as maintenance of
law and order) irrespective of the prevailing ideology or the political system
of a particular nation (Worlu and Nkoro, 2012).
In Nigeria,
the contribution of tax revenue has not been encouraging, thus expectations of
government are being cut short. Corruption, evasion, avoidance and tax haven
indicators are strongly associated with low revenue (Attila, Chambas, and
Combes, 2008) and indeed, corruption functions like a tax itself. According to
Adegbie and Fakile (2011), the more citizens lack knowledge or education about
taxation in the country, the greater the desire and opportunities for tax
evasion, avoidance and non-compliance with relevant tax laws. In this respect,
the country become more adversely affected due to absence of tax conscience by
individuals and companies and the failure of tax administration to recognize
the importance of communication and dialogue between the government and the
citizens in taxation related matters. In the face of resource deficiency in
financing long term development, Nigeria has heavily resorted to foreign
capital such as loans and aid as the primary means to achieve rapid economic
growth. Thereby, this has accumulated huge external debt in relation to gross
domestic product and serious debt servicing problems in terms of foreign
exchange flow and as such, majority of the populace live in abject poverty.
Government has expressed concern over these and has vowed to expand the tax
revenue in order to meet its mandate. Kiabel and Nwokah (2009) argue that the
increasing cost of running government coupled with the declining revenue has
left all tiers of government in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve
the revenue base. Ndekwu (1991) noted that more-than-ever before, there is a
great demand for the optimization of revenue from various tax sources in
Nigeria now. This probably influenced the decision of the Federal Government of
Nigeria (FGN), which in 1991 set up a study group on the Review of the Nigerian
Tax System and Administration. This review is what subsequently led to the
development of the Comprehensive Tax Policy.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
the reasons
for reform and the decision to develop a National Tax Policy could therefore be
traced back to the structure of the existing tax system and some of its inherent
problems such as: the increased demand to grow internally generated revenue,
which has led to the exercise of the powers of taxation to the detriment of the
taxpayers who suffer multiple taxation and bear a higher tax burden than
anticipated; insufficient information available to taxpayers on tax compliance
requirements, which created uncertainty and room for leakages in the tax
system; multiple taxation by government at all levels, which impacted
negatively on the investment climate in Nigeria.
However,
Elimination of multiple taxation is therefore of major concern at all levels of
Government; lack of accountability for tax revenue and its expenditure; lack of
accountability for tax revenue and its expenditure; lack of clarity on taxation
power of each level of Government/encroachment on the powers of one level/state
by another; lack of skilled manpower and inadequate funding, which led to the
delegation of powers of revenue officials to third parties, thereby creating
uncertainty in the tax system and increasing the cost of tax compliance; use of
aggressive and unorthodox methods for tax collection; the non refund of excess
taxes to tax payer, due to the lack of an efficient system arid funds; the
non-review of tax legislation, which had led to obsolete laws, that do not
reflect Nigeria's current realities; and the lack of a specific policy
direction for tax matters in Nigeria and the absence of laid down procedural
guidelines for the operation of the various tax authorities.
Furthermore,
other problems plaguing Nigeria's tax system have not been adequately tackled
for many years. One of the reasons for this was Government's heavy reliance on
revenues derived from oil, as a result of which little or no attention had been
given to revenue from other sources, such as taxation.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
In-order to
achieve the purpose of this research, the following is the objectives of the
research:
1 To identify the challenges tax policy on
the performance of revenue profile of Nigeria in Nigerian custom service.
2 To investigate the impact of value added
taxes.
3 To examine the performance of revenue in
Nigeria
4 To identify ways of properly addressing
the challenges of Nigerian tax policies.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTION
In order to
achieve the objectives stated above, the following research questions were used
as a guide in achieving the objectives of this research:
1. What are the various challenges facing tax
policy on the performance of revenue profile of Nigeria in Nigerian custom
service?
2. What are the impacts of value added taxes?
3. To what extent is the performance of
generated revenue in Nigeria?
4. What must be done to address the challenges
of tax policies in Nigeria affect small business?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
gives a clear insight into the various ways in which tax policies in Nigeria
can be executed efficiently and how some taxation policies in Nigeria can be
properly tackled. The study also gives a clear insight into the various causes
of why revenue and tax reform fail in Nigeria as well as the challenges of the
tax policies in Nigeria. The findings and recommendations of the researcher
will help in building a strong and better tax policy system in Nigeria, if
taken seriously by government and the general public. The challenges of
taxation in Nigeria are outlined in-order for drastic measures to be taken to
tackle these challenges and meet the prospects of the general public so that
revenue from tax policy to the government can be increased.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
research focuses mainly on the tax policy on the performance of revenue profile
of Nigeria in Nigerian custom service. The study only torches on the
performance and challenges tax policies in Nigeria and how it can affect the
Nigerian custom and order government agencies.
Based on the
findings of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on
the various challenges of other forms of tax such as the Value Added Tax (VAT),
Capital gains tax, Import and Export duties tax. Etc. Further research can also
be done on curbing tax evasion in Nigeria
1.6 LIMITATION
The research
is limited to the tax policy on the performance of revenue profile of Nigeria
in Nigerian custom service. The researcher in the course of carrying out this
study is the cause of delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most
respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due
to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The researcher found it
difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost
hampered the success of this study.
1.7 CHAPTER SCHEME
Chapter one
of this study includes the general introduction, background information about
the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research
questions, scope of the study, significance of the study, and the limitation of
the study.
Chapter two
reviews all relevant literatures relating to the study as well as the
researcher’s views concerning previous studies on the challenges of tax
policies.
Chapter
three includes the methodology applied in collecting and analyzing data,
population definition, study site, and limitations.
Chapter four
presents the results of the study as well as data analyzed, and the
interpretation of the analyzed data.
Chapter five
includes a summary of the study, conclusion and recommendations based on the
findings from the study.
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