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KIDNAPPING IN
NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS AND
CHALLENGES FOR
NATIONAL SECURITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
TITLE
PAGE…………….……………………………. …. i
CERTIFICATION……………………………………..….. ii
DEDICATION…………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………… iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS………………………………… v - ix
LIST OF
TABLES………………………………………… x
LIST OF
FIGURES……………………………………….. xi
LIST OF
ABBREVIATION ………………………………. xii - xiii
GLOSSARY OF
TERMS…………………………………. xiv-v
ABSTRACT……………………………………………….. xvi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
BACKGROUND TO THE
STUDY………………………. 1 - 4
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM………………………. 4 - 5
OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY…………………………… 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY………………………… 6
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY………………………………….. 7
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………… 7
LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY…………………………… 7 - 8
HYPOTHESIS…………………………………………….. 8
ENDNOTES
……………………………………………… 9 - 10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE(S)
GENERAL………………………..…………………...... 11 - 12
CONCEPT OF
PROCUREMENT…….………………. 12 - 13
CONCEPT OF CENTRALISED
PROCUREMENT…. 13 - 14
DETERMINANTS OF
EQUIPMENT
PROCUREMENT………………………………………… 14 - 15
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CENTRALISED
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM
AND THE ARMED
FORCES………………………………………………….. 15
- 16
SUMMARY……………………………………………….. 16 - 17
ENDNOTES……………………………………………… 18 - 19
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
RESEARCH
DESIGN………………………………….. 20 - 21
SAMPLE AND
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES………….. 21
INSTRUMENT OF DATA
COLLECTION……………… 21 - 22
POPULATION…………………………………………….. 22
VALIDATION OF
INSTRUMENT……………………….. 22 - 23
METHOD OF DATA
COLLECTION……….…………… 23
METHOD OF DATA
ANALYSIS………………………... 23 - 24
WEAKNESS OF THE
METHODOLOGY………………. 24
SUMMARY………………………………………………… 24 - 25
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION
AND ANALYSIS PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 26
DATA
PRESENTATION………………………………… 26 - 27
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION…………. 28 - 30
FINDINGS ON THE
PROBLEMS OF CURRENT
CENTRALISED
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM………… 30 - 34
AN OVERVIEW OF
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM
OF SELECTED
COUNTRIES………………………….. 34 - 35
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM
IN SOUTH AFRICA…..... 35 - 36
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM
IN INDIA…………………. 37 - 41
PROSPECTS OF
CURRENT CENTRALISED
PROCUREMENT
SYSTEM…………………………….. 41 - 45
STRATEGIES FOR THE
ENHANCEMENT OF
CENTRALISED
PROCUREMENT SYSTEM FOR
THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES…………………… 45
INITIATION OF
IDEA……………………………………. 46 - 47
PROPOSED
PROCUREMENT PLANNING
COMMITTEE……………………………………………. 47
PROPOSED JOINT
PROCUREMENT CELL……….. 48 - 49
PROPOSED DEFENCE
PROCUREMENT
COUNCIL………………………………………………… 49 - 51
PROPOSED
PROCUREMENT PROCESS………….. 52
PROPOSED
PROCUREMENT MONITORING
COMMITTEE…………………………………………….. 52
- 53
OTHER
STRATEGIES………………………………….. 54 - 57
ENDNOTES……………………………………………… 58 - 59
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS PAGE(S)
CONCLUSION
…………………………………………. 60 - 62
RECOMMENDATIONS
………………………………… 62 - 64
ANNEX
A…………………………………………………. A-1-A-4
ANNEX
B…………………………………………………. B-1 – B-3
ANNEX
C…………………………………………………. C - 1
ANNEX
D…………………………………………………. D - 1
ANNEX
E…………………………………………………. E - 1
ANNEX F………………………………………………….. F - 1
ANNEX
G………………………………………………….. G - 1
ANNEX
H…………………………………………………. H - 1
ANNEX
I…………………………………………………… I - 1
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
………………………………………. 65 - 68
LIST OF TABLES
Serial Title of Table Page No(s)
(a) (b) (c)
1. Distribution of Respondents in Groups 41
2.
Showing Respondents Opinion on Wide Spread
Kidnapping in Nigeria Especially in the South- South and South East
42
3. Showing Respondents Opinion on Bad
Leadership and Political Factors as one of the Causes of kidnapping
45
4. Showing Respondents Opinion on Poverty as
one of the Courses of Kidnapping 48
5. Showing Respondents Opinion on
Unemployment as one of the Causes of Kidnapping
51
6. Showing Respondents Opinion on Political
Implications of Kidnapping for National Security
54
7. Showing Respondents Opinion on Social
Implication of Kidnapping for National Security
58-59
8. Showing Respondents Opinion on Economic
Implications of Kidnapping for National Security
62
9. Showing Respondents Opinion on How to
Address the Menace of Kidnapping
67-68
10. Showing Respondents Opinion on Strategies to
Curb the Menace of Kidnapping in Nigeria
69-70
LIST OF FIGURES
Serial Title of Figure Page
No (s)
(a) (b) (c)
1. Chart Showing Percentage of Respondents in
Groups
41-42
2. Chart Showing Percentage of Respondents on
wide Spread Kidnapping in Nigeria Especially in South-South and South East
43-45
3. Pie Chart Showing Percentages of Respondents
on Bad Leadership and Political Factors as One of the Causes of Kidnapping
46-48
4. Pie Chart Showing Percentages of
Respondents Opinion on Poverty as One of the Causes of Kidnapping 49-50
5. Pie Chart Showing Percentages of
Respondents on Unemployment as one of the Causes of Kidnapping 52-53
6. Pie Chart Showing Percentages of
Respondents on Political Implications of Kidnapping for National Security 55-58
7. Chart Showing Percentages of Respondents
on Social Implications of Kidnapping for National
59-61
8. Pie Chart Showing Percentages of
Respondents on Economic Implications of Kidnapping for National Security 63-67
9. Chart Showing Percentage of Respondents
Opinion on How to Address the Menace of Kidnapping in Nigeria 68-69
10. Bar Chart Showing Percentages of
Respondents Opinion on Strategies to Curb the Menace of Kidnapping in Nigeria 70-71
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS
1. AFCSC - Armed Forces Command and Staff College
2. AU - African Union
3. CAS - Chief of the Air Staff
4. CIA - Central Intelligence Egency
5. ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African State
6. LGA - Local Government Area
7. MASOB - Movement for the Survival of Ogoni
People
8. NA - Nigerian Army
9. NAF - Nigerian Airforce
10. NEPAP -
National Poverty Eradication
Programme
11. NDPVF - Niger Delta People Volunteer Force
12. NEEDS -
National Economic Empowerment and
Development Strategy
13. NN - Nigerian Navy
14. NP - Nigerian Police
15. NNPC - Nigerian National Petroleum Commission
16. SPDC - Shell Petroleum Development Coy
17. UN - United Nation
18. USA - United State of America
19. MEND - Movement
for the Emancipation of Niger Delta
ABSTRACT
This study examined the implications
and challenges of kidnapping for national security. The objective of the study
was to among other things identify, the causes of kidnapping in Nigeria as well
as its implications for the national security and the strategies to curb it.
The studies discuss varying views on the concept of kidnapping and national
security. Kidnapping started in Nigeria as a result of the agitations in Niger
Delta to get the attention of the Government and the International Communities
Concerning their plight.
The methodology involved the analysis
of data from both primary and secondary sources. The study was limited to the
Niger Delta and South Eastern state of the Country. The research questions were
answered after the analysis of the Data. The study identified political, social
and economic implications of military for National Security. The study also
brought to the fore the salient point that bad political leadership, poverty
and unemployment are some of the factors
that have encouraged kidnapping in Nigeria.
The study apart from identifying the
implications of kidnapping for national security, it also proffered some
solutions. One of which is the Government should address the problems of
poverty and unemployment in the country.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENEERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
On 23 Oct 09, Paul and Rachel
Chandler, a couple from Tunbridge, Kent in Great Britain went for a sailing
adventure from Tanzania to Seychelles. Midway into their course, they were
ambushed by some pirates from Somalia and held hostage for 388 day;
approximately 13 months. The pirates later demanded for a ransom of 1million United States of America
(USA) dollars as the condition for the release of the couple. They eventually released
them on 14 Nov 10 after the last part of the required ransom was paid.1
Prior to the 1990s, incidences of
kidnapping and hostage taking were among the news items that were reported in
the Nigerian news media that happened in other parts of the world. That time,
Nigerian society was relatively secured and her national security was not
facing the challenges of kidnapping or hostage taking. Today however,
kidnapping has become one of the challenges to Nigeria’s national security.
Kidnapping is the act of taking a
person against his or her will or from the control of a parent or guardian,
from one place to another usually through violence, force, threat or
intimidation under circumstances in which the person so taken does not have
freedom of movement, will or decision. Although it is not necessary that the
purpose be criminal, the capture usually involves some related criminal act
such as holding the person for ransom, sexual and or sadistic abuse.2 The word
‘kidnap’ originated from Scandinavian language ‘kid’ which means child.
Kidnapping originally meant stealing a child, but now the concept applies to adults also.(Gerald
Hill http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com)
The history of kidnapping in Nigeria
is traceable to the Niger Delta regions where over 80 per cent of Nigeria’s
crude oil is deposited.3 The exploration and exploitation of this crude oil led
to the influx of expatriates into that region. These expatriates form part of
the staff of oil companies like Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)
and Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) which are involved in the oil
exploration.
The oil exploration in Niger Delta led
to gas flaring and oil spillages into the seas. This affected the source of
livelihood and occupation of the people of Niger Delta which was mainly fishing
and other aquatic cultures. Many of the youths of this area lost their source
of livelihood and could not have alternative means of livelihood especially
through gainful employment in the oil servicing companies in their
neighbourhoods. Furthermore, government did not do much in developing the
region. Apparently, government’s presence in terms of good road networks,
pipe-borne water, good schools and hospitals were lacking. Accordingly, the
people of Niger Delta felt marginalized by the government. Some of their
leaders like Ken Saro Wiwa and 8 others, who spoke against this supposed
injustice and marginalization, were killed by the instruments of the state.4
This situation led to the emergence of
various armed militant groups in Niger Delta agitating for control of the
resources in their land. These militant groups included Movement for the
Emancipation of Niger Delta (MEND), Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force
(NDPVF) and Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP). These groups
used various means to draw the attention of government and the international
community to the deplorable condition in which they believe they lived. Their
activities included disruptions of oil work by setting oil wells ablaze and
taking expatriate oil workers hostage.
¬¬
One of such incidents took place on 31
Jul 00. On this date, about 100
militant youths held 165 oil workers hostage till 5 Aug in an oil drilling rig
owned by SPDC in Ekeremo Local Government Area (LGA) of Bayelsa State.5 Hostage
taking at this stage was mainly a way of getting government’s attention. Later
on however, the militants started asking for ransom, before they would free
their victims. This marked the genesis of known cases of kidnapping in Nigeria.
Today, kidnapping is no longer one of
the ways the militants drew government’s attention to the deplorable conditions
of living in Niger Delta. The menace of kidnapping is now reported across the
length and breadth of Nigeria from the East, West and North to the Southern
parts. Victims of kidnapping now cut across expatriates, politician, civil
servants, actors, industrialists, clerics, journalists, women and children. Kidnapping
in Nigeria has become pandemic. Some of the many reasons for its spread might
be economic others political, while some could be religious. Whatever the
reason for kidnapping, its implication and challenges for national security has
become worrisome.
National security is the continued
ability of a country to pursue its internal life without serious
interference.6 National security of a
state is one of the determinants of the survival of the state. In this regard,
governments of nations consider its national security very vital to its
continued existence. Speaking at the flagging off ceremony of his presidential
campaign in Lafia Nasarawa State, President Goodluck Jonathan said that he will
not play politics with national security. Additionally he affirmed that armed
robbers, kidnappers, terrorist and all those whose activities overtly or
covertly threaten the security of Nigeria should be prepared for the fight his
government would give them.7
In view of the implications of
kidnapping to national security government at all levels are taking stringent
measures to curb the menace. For example the government of Rivers and Abia
States have passed a bill into law conferring death sentence on anyone
convicted of the crime of kidnapping.8
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria is a country with great human
and natural resources for growth and development. If these potentials are well
harnessed, it would invariably lead to a strong economy where national security
is guaranteed. However, the country has not been able to harness these abundant
human and national potentials. Consequently, the country’s economy is still at
the cradle and its national security is frosted with many challenges.
This state of affairs has resulted in
the feeling of insecurity especially among the youths and increased the
pressure and restiveness in the polity. Bad political leadership, unemployment,
corruption and poverty are among the factors that are believed to be
responsible for this feeling of insecurity. Furthermore, perceived injustice in
the socio-economical balance in the country has contributed significantly to
the despair by the citizens particularly the youths. It is believed that these
conditions have contributed to the wide spread kidnapping across the country.
President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan
commented on kidnapping in the light of its challenges to national security. He
said, ‘...the security challenges crawled in gradually as if it would not be
too harmful and government failed to take frontal attack as at that time until
it became a cancer now that needs surgical operation and probably a
radio-therapy to cure... no part of this country will be allowed to be a
sanctuary for criminals – robbers or kidnappers’.9
Based on the foregoing, this study
seeks to proffer answers to the following research questions:
a. What factors are responsible for wide
spread kidnapping in Nigeria?
b. What is the relationship between kidnapping
and national security?
c. What
are the implications and challenges of kidnapping to national security?
d. What strategies could be adopted to curb the
menace of kidnapping in Nigeria?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is:
a. To
identify the factors responsible for wide spread kidnapping in Nigeria.
b. To
determine the relationship between kidnapping and national security.
c. To
determine the implications and challenges of kidnapping to national security.
d. To proffer strategies that could help in
curbing the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is a notion that the stability
and peaceful co-existence of a country can only be effectively threatened by
the use of force of arm against the government or its agencies. Therefore
nations often pay more attention to training and equipping its armed forces to
be able to defend the country from any attack. However, in many instances,
insecurity of individual citizens has effectively exposed some countries to
serious security challenges. The recent incidents in Tunisia, Egypt and
currently Libya readily come to mind.10
Some of the causes of insecurity to
citizens of countries include armed robbery, kidnapping, unemployment and
poverty. This study seeks to establish that the increased rate of kidnapping in
Nigeria is a major threat to the stability of the country. In addition, that
some of the reasons this vice is on the increase is because of bad political
leadership, unemployment, poverty, and corruption among others. Conversely if
these issues are addressed by the government the menace would reduce.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will contribute to the
advancement of knowledge on the causes of kidnapping and its implications to
national security. Secondly its findings would help the government and various
government agencies to appreciate the importance of national security in nation
building. Furthermore, it would help to stimulate further research on the
menace of kidnapping in Nigeria and how it has affected Nigeria’s national
security objectives.
It is also hoped that the study would
add to the existing literatures and body of knowledge on the implications and
challenges of kidnapping to national security. In addition, this research work
would provide a reference material for future studies in this area.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Kidnapping is a very broad concept
which would require considerable amount of time, effort, resources and
literature to adequately address. However, this study would concentrate on some
of the kidnappings that took place in Nigeria from the year 2000 – 2010. Within
the period under review, references would centre on cases of kidnapping in the
South-South and South Eastern parts of Nigeria.
The paper would take a cursory look at
the factors responsible for the menace as well as determine the relationship
between kidnapping and national security. Furthermore, the implications and
challenges of kidnapping to national security will be looked into before
strategies to curb the menace of kidnapping would be proffered.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
The major limitation of this study was
inadequate time and resource materials.
The researcher would have wished to travel to locations where kidnapping
occurred more frequently to get information from the security personnel who are
regularly confronted with the menace. Another limitation was that some of the
respondents were unwilling to divulge sufficient information because of fear.
Furthermore the concept of national
security is intangible. Therefore using sensory experience to measure the
concept was relatively impossible. Notwithstanding the aforementioned
limitations, the researcher was persuaded that the information gotten from the
willing respondents was true and represents a correct picture of the cases of
kidnapping in Nigeria within the period under review. In addition, the
researcher ensured that neither the quality of the research, nor the outcomes
of its findings was compromised.
1.8 RESEARCH METHOD
The data for the study were derived
from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through the
use of questionnaires and oral interview with people considered relevant to the
subject matter. Secondary data on the other hand were collected from
newspapers, journals, other unpublished materials and the internet.
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