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CIVIL – MILITARY RELATIONS AND NATIONAL
SECURITY: CHALLENGES FOR THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page- - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification
page- - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication- - - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv
Table of
contents v - - - - - - - - - - viii
List of
Tables - - - - - - - - - ix
List of
Figures - - - - - - - - - x
List of Abbreviations - - - - - - - - xi
Glossary of
Terms - - - - - - - - xii
Abstract - - -- - - - - - - - xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background - - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Research Questions - - - - - - - 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - 2
1.4 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - 3
1.5 Significance of the Study- - - - - - - 3
1.6 Scope of the Study- - - - - - - - 3
1.7 Limitations - - - - - - - - 4
1.8 Method of Data Collection and Analysis- - - - - 4
1.9 Conceptual Clarification- - - - - - - 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - 7
2.1 Concept of Civil – Military Relations - - - -
2.2 Concept of National Security - - - - - - 14
2.3 The Armed forces in Internal Security
Operations - 15
2.4 Relevance of Internal Security Operations- - - - 20
2.5 Concept of Civil Affairs - - - - - - - 23
2.6 Roles of the Military- - - - - - - - 24
2.7 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 27
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research Methodology - - - - - - 29
3.1 Research Design- - - - - - - - - 29
3.2 Area of study - - - - - - - - 30
3.3 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - 30
3.4 Validations and Reliability of Instruments - - - 31
3.5 Weakness of the Methodology - - - - - 32
3.7 Summary - - - -- - - - - - 32
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - 38
4.1 Respondents profile - - - - - - - 38
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data - - - - - 42
4.3 Knowledge of the extent of Civil-Military
Relations in
Armed Forces - - - - - - - - 43
4.5 Knowledge of the principles of internal
Security operation - 48
4.6 Knowledge and participation in internal
Security Operations
by Armed Forces Personnel - - - - - - 51
4.7 Test of hypothesis - - - - - - - 56
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary/Conclusion and Recommendations - - - 57
5.1 Summary/Conclusion - - - - - - - 57
5.2 Recommendations - - - - - - - 59
Bibliography- - - - - - - - - 61
Appendices- - - - - - - - - 63
LIST OF
TABLES
Serial Title of Table Page
No
(a) (b) (c)
1. Table 1: Distribution of Respondents by
Rank 39
2. Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by
Length of Service 41
3. Table 3: The Current State of
Civil-Military Relations in the Armed Forces is Satisfactory 43
4. Table 4: Response to Armed Forces
Personnel Having a good understanding of the Concept of Civil-Military
Relations 45
5. Table 5: The Relationship Between Armed
Forces Personnel and Civilians 46
6. Table 6: Armed Forces Participation in
Internal Security Operation is a Welcome Idea 48
7. Table 7: Responses on Enhanced
Civil-Military Relations Due to Participation in Internal Security Operation 50
8. Table 8: Responses to and Understanding of
the Concept of IS Operation by Armed Forces Personnel 52
9. Table 9: Armed Forces Personnel’s
Responses to Participation in Internal Security Operations 53
10. Table 10: Participation on how Internal
Security Operations has helped the Nation 52
11. Table 11: Contingency Table 56
LIST OF
FIGURES
Serial Title of Figure Page
No
(a) (b) (d)
1. Figure 1: Pie Chart Showing Distribution
of Respondents by Rank Category 40
2. Figure 2: Pie Chart Showing Distribution
of Respondents by Length of service in the Armed Forces of Nigeria 42
3. Figure 3: Bar chart showing the Current
State of Civil-Military Relations in the Armed Forces is Satisfactory 44
4. Figure 4: Bar chart showing Response to
Armed Forces Personnel having a good Understanding of the Concept of
Civil-Military Relations 45
5. Figure 5: Bar Chart showing the
Relationship Between Armed Forces Personnel and Civilians 47
6. Figure 6: Bar Chart showing Armed Forces
Participation in IS Operation is a Welcome Idea 49
7. Figure 7: Bar Chart Showing Responses on
Enhanced Civil Military Relations Due to Participation in IS Operation 50
8. Figure 8: Bar chart showing Responses of
an Understanding of the Concept of IS Operation by Armed Forces Personnel 52
9. Figure 9: Bar Chart showing Armed Forces
Personnel’s Responses to Participation in IS Operations 54
10. Figure 10: Bar chart showing Participation
in IS Operations has helped the Nation 55
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION MEANING
1. AFCSC Armed
Forces Command and Staff College.
2. AHQ Army
Headquarters.
3. Capt Captain.
4. CIMIC Civil-Military
Cooperation.
5. CMR Civil-Military
Relations.
6. COAS Chief
of Army Staff.
7. Col Colonel.
8. Cpl Corporal.
9. DHQ Defence
Headquarters.
10. ICRC International
Committee of Red Cross.
11. IS Internal
Security.
12. LCpl Lance
Corporal.
13. Lt Lieutenant.
14. Lt Col Lieutenant
Colonel.
15. 2/Lt Second
Lieutenant.
16. Maj Major.
17. MDAs Ministries
Departments and Agencies.
18. MAW Manouvrist
Approach to Warfare.
19. Mar March.
20. NA Nigerian
Army.
21. NAF Nigerian
Air Force.
22. NATO Non-Align
Treaty Organization.
23. NDDC Niger
Delta Development Commission.
24. NN Nigerian
Navy.
25. NP Nigeria
Police.
26. Op Operation.
27. OMPADEC Oil
Mineral Producing Area Development
Commission.
28. Sgt Sergeant.
29. Ssgt Staff
Sergeant.
30. WO Warrant
Officer.
31. MWO Master
Warrant Officer.
GLOSSARY OF
TERMS
1. Civil-Military Relations. All aspects of the armed forces’ relations
with the society within which they exist.
2. Democratic Model. Democratic model deals with the closeness
between the military and society.
3. Ethnicity.
Ethnicity is a derivative of the word ethnic, which means a specified
origin relating to a group of people having a common national or cultural
tradition.
4. Ethno/Religious Group. Ethnic groups are those human groups that
entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities
of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of colonization
and migration.
5. Ethnic Militia. An ethnic militia is an armed group set up to
pursue the interest of a group and if necessary, to commit violence in the
process.
6. Liberal Model. Civil control which emphasizes the separation
of powers and assumes that military has no power of its own.
7. National Security. National security is the ability of a
nation-state to prevent all forms of threats to its survival ranging from
external aggression to threats of economic, political and social insecurities
among others, whilst grappling with the challenges of national development.
8. Security Agencies. Security agencies
include the Armed Forces, DSS and the NP.
9. Traditional Model. Civil control over the military premised upon
the absence
of civilian-military differences.
ABSTRACT
This study examines the CMR in Nigeria
and its implications on National Security.
There have been various schools of thought worldwide on what constitutes
CMR. Various postulations became necessary as the subject helps build cordial
relationship between military and civilians toward achieving nations’ security
collaborations and attainments. The term found it relevance since the end of
Second World War. The paradigm shift from Attritionists’ Concepts Warfare to
Manouvriest Approach to Warfare has further re-enforced this divergent views
and arose intellectual research. The NATO came up with CIMIC which mean the
same thing with CMR while, US and UN on the other hand, came up with Civil
Affairs. The former seek to address civil-military synergy towards cordial
relations through military aids to civil authority (MACA) in challenging
situations and civilians on their own part, cooperates with military in making
their task easy and achievable. Civil Affairs’ concept is based on military
using civilians for the purposes other than providence, but as tools for
commanders to achieve their campaign end-states. Nigeria chose to adopt CIMIC. The unhealthy
Internal Security situations and challenges in Nigeria may have informed this
decision. United States National Intelligence Council Report of 25 May 2005
which predicted that Nigeria will become a failed state by 2015 also
necessitated adoption of multifaceted approaches. Hence, the adoption of CIMIC came handy as
one of the palliative measures toward solving ethno/religious insurgences and
agitations which have taken a front burner in Nigeria society. The methodology
used, allow the description of key concepts, past events relating to ethnic
pressure groups, ethnic militias etc on National Security. At the same time allow
the analysis of data collated regarding the research variables. Primary data were collected from respondents
throughout the country. These were
supported by secondary data from journals, newspapers, books and electronic
sources. Government has made efforts to
curtail the unwholesome activities of ethnic pressure groups. Some of the measures include the
establishment of the OMPADEC, NDDC and others.
The convocation of the NPRC was also an attempt to solve the problem of
ethnic crisis. Despite these efforts,
the negative activities of ethnic pressure groups persist unabated.
Consequently, recommendations made include adequate training for personnel of
Armed Forces in CMR in order to use it as a platform to curtail activities of
ethnic pressure groups and reduce their influence on National Security
situations. The research revealed that there is a direct relationship between
CMR and Nigeria National Security situation.
Hence, the need to adopt CMR in totality in Nigeria Armed Forces.
Lastly, the DHQ should implement the recommendations made in this research
effort.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The
complexities associated with modern battlefields have influenced the crafting
of strategy towards employment of technological products for reasons of
lethality and operational fluidity. Also, humanitarian considerations have
become essential, leading to the adoption of the Manoeuvrist Approach to
Warfare (MAW) in place of the Attritionists’ Approach to Warfare that demonized
the profession through the last centuries. Without prejudice to humanitarian
concerns associated with the MAW, in populated areas remain pronounced, thereby
necessitating military engagement in relieving affected civilian populations.
The
importance of good relation between the military and civil populace cannot be
over-emphasised (NATO Civil-Military Co-operation, 2001:1-1). A number of
internal security operations that the Nigerian Armed Forces is currently
conducting in the Niger Delta and other parts of the country calls for a
co-ordinated approach to the integration of the civilian dimension into
operational plans. This is to avoid misinterpretation, misrepresentation of the
intentions and actions of the military. This is important to ensure that
internal security (IS) operations do not undermine National Security. It is in
this light that this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What is the relationship between CMR and
National Security?
ii. What are the effects of CMR on National
Security challenges?
iii. Could CMR be partly panacea to attainment
of National Security?
iv. What policies and strategies are required
to guide CMR toward enhancing National Security?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i. To establish a relationship between CMR
and National Security.
ii. To highlight the effects of CMR on
National Security challenges.
iii. To establish that CMR if accorded its
deserved priority could be the solution to many National Security challenges.
iv. To proffer strategies for CMR as a factor
towards solving Nigeria’s security challenges.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
There is a
conventional notion that a country is most secured when its security apparatus
are potent. This has resulted into nation states placing much premium on the concept
of national security often at the detriment of the citizens. This study
therefore, seeks to establish the imperatives of mutual relationship between
military and the civil populace towards solving Nigeria’s Security challenges.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
would contribute towards enhancing alternative ways of handling security
challenges in Nigeria. Its findings would assist the Nigerian State in
formulating policies that would entrench great bond between the military and
civilians in attempt to efficiently handle the nation’s security challenges.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The concept
of national security has permeated in global discourse since the end of Cold
War while CMR is a concept that is just coming on board in Nigeria. In the course
of this study, the period spanning from 1999 till date shall be covered and
only relevant literatures on this concept will be referred to.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
This
research work is impaired by some limitations. The key limitations were of
secondary data to analyse the concept of CMR and national security of other
developed nations. Although, the data
used were from reputable international sources, the authenticity of their
findings might not be insulated from bias. The concepts of CMR and national
security challenges are intangible. Hence, the empirical testing of both
concepts was relatively impossible. However, this did not affect the quality of
research carried out and the outcomes of the findings.
1.8 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The data
used in this study were largely collected from secondary sources. This include
data on some selected countries concepts of CMR irrespective of the names it is
called. Additionally, data were obtained from research of relevant literatures
and publications. These formed the basis for the comparison of the
variables. Furthermore, it aided the
study in assessment of the performance of Nigeria in human security when compared
to selected countries. This study employed both descriptive and inferential
statistics for the analysis of data.
The descriptive statistical tools that
were used were tally method, frequency table, percentages, pie charts and bar
charts. The tally method was used to allocate tally marks to responses to each
answer options. These were then summed up and frequency tables were drawn for
each relevant question indicating the available options and the respective
frequency of response. The percentage technique
was also used to analyze the figures obtained from the frequency tables and pie
charts as well bar charts were used to provide a vivid representation of the
outcome.
1.9 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
There have
been various schools of thought worldwide on what constitutes CMR. Various
postulations became necessary as the subject helps build cordial relationship
between military and civilians toward achieving nations’ security
collaborations and attainments. CMR found its relevance in Nigeria considering
the unhealthy unprecedented security challenges facing the country. It further
found its relevance as a palliative measure toward solving ethno/religious
insurgences and agitations which have taken a front burner in Nigeria society.
It is evident that there is a direct relationship between CMR and Nigeria
National Security situation. Hence, the need to adopt CMR in totality in Nigeria.
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