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THE MODE OF
ENTRY INTO THE UNIVERSITY AND THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The study
attempted to examine the mode of entry into the university and students'
academic performance at University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. In this study, the
literature was reviewed in sub headings. The descriptive research survey was
applied in the assessment of the students' opinions with the use of the
questionnaire, and the sampling technique. A total of 200 (two hundred)
respondents were selected and used for information gathering in this study to
represent the entire population of this study. A total of four (4) null
hypotheses were formulated, and tested using the Pearson Product Correlational
coefficient statistical tool at 0:05 for hypothesis one, while hypothesis two,
three and four were tested using the independent t-test statistical tool at
0.05 level of significance. At the end. of the exercise, the results that
emerged showed that: There is a significant relationship between mode of entry
and students' academic performance in school There is a significant difference
between the academic performance of students who entered the university through
JAMB and those who entered the university through Foundation Programme. There
is a significant difference between academic performance of students who
entered the university through foundation programme and those who entered
through Direct Entry. There is a significant gender difference in the academic
performance of students due to mode of admission. It was recommended that 4t-
is recommended that both the entry foundational programme should be retained
and strengthened to become more effective. University of Lagos should bring the
cost of being educated through the foundational programme which is meant for
the only, to be also affordable to the poor.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the Study
This study
investigates the mode of admission of Education undergraduates and their
academic performance in a Nigerian University using the students’ scores in the
two semesters of the 2006/2007 academic session. These scores were subjected to
a t-test analysis. It was concluded that most JAMB candidates unlike their
pre-degree counterparts are not good materials for degree programmes. It was
therefore, suggested that the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) be
scrapped in Nigeria and the higher school certificate programme be reintroduced
in addition to encourage each university to run the school of basic or
pre-degree studies (Adeduro, 2004).
A country’s
educational objectives as are usually spelt out in its national policy on
education, reflect those aspects of the national objectives that are deemed
realizable through formal schooling. For more than three decades now, Nigeria
has come to realize that the educational institutions in the country have been
failing in the performance of their statutory roles. The intellectual
attainment as well as the acquired skills of the products of the universities
and other educational institutions have been abysmally below expectation
(Okpitike, (2001); Ihebuzor, (2007); Frazen, (2003). It is the discouraging
state of affairs that gave rise to the phrase “falling standard of education”
which has now become a household slogan among Nigerians today.
The
situation has become so deplorable that a couple of years ago, an international
organization in rating the intellectual standard of Nigerian undergraduates
intimated that for about one and a half decades to that time, most Nigerian
universities had not been producing graduates
that are of the world standard (Bulus and Garara, 2007).
This
assertion was further corroborated by the National University Commission’s
(NUC) executive secretary in a T.V programme while justifying the Post-JAMB
examination for university bound candidates. The Post-JAMB examination is an innovation
to ensure that only good materials are offered university admission since there
are doubts on the scores of candidates at JAMB examination. (Okoye, 2009)
It was also
indicated by the NUC’s executive secretary that beginning from the 2006/2007 admission
exercise, only first degree holders would be eligible to apply for university
admission to read certain courses, e.g. in some developed countries medicine,
law, engineering which hitherto have been open to senior schools certificate
holders (Duro, 2010).
Experience
has also shown that people including university lecturers tend to believe that
although most of the undergraduates seem intellectually inadequate generally,
the education undergraduates in particular seem to be more intellectually sub-standard
than the others (Shuiabu, (2004); Ihebuzor, (2007); Okpilike, (2001); Conkline,
(2006). This assumption seems justified because of the low cut-off score for
education courses in the universities.
Therefore,
this study was aimed at comparing education undergraduates admitted through the
Pre-Degree (PD) programme and those admitted through the Joint Admission and
Matriculation Examination (JAMB) in their academic performance.
In the
study, the researcher is advocating the abolition of the JAMB, reintroduction
of the higher school certificate programme and establishment of the school of
basic/pre-degree studies. All of these will help in bridging the yawning gap
that currently exists between the senior secondary school and university
curriculum contents., These recommendations are being made in the light of the
fact that the importance of relevant previous advanced knowledge cannot be
overemphasized (Glasserfeld, 2009). Moreover, the findings have shown that most
of the JME candidates are not good university materials. (Uzomah, 2008)
Education is
universally recognized as one of the instruments for social, political,
scientific and technological development. This is the reason why no society can
afford to toy with the education of its citizenry as this will result in a
snail speed deve1opment (Azikiwe, 2000). in the 1960s very few people were
seeking for admission into higher institutions and those who were admitted got
it through hard work. Any person who found himself/herself there was therefore
considered intelligent and academically superior to his/her peers (Erigha,
2001).
Although
there are basically two modes of entry into Nigerian Universities; that is
Universities Matriculation Examination (UME) and Direct Entry (DE), a third
mode exists as a way of running away from the Universities Matriculation
Examination conducted by Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board, JAMB. Some
universities in Nigeria call the third mode Pre-degree Programme (Onuoha,
2005).
There is a
conception that the University Matriculation Examination (UME) candidates
perform better than the Direct Entry, and Pre-degree candidates in their
University Examination. Yet others believe that pre-degree candidates perform
better than the UME and Direct Entry candidates in their university
examination. Yet another group believes that Direct Entry candidates are
supervior to both the pre-degree and UME candidates. The people who hold this
view argued that the pre-degree and direct entry candidates cannot pass the UME
conducted by JAMB, hence they opted for the pre-degree programme or
institutions that enable them to get the Direct entry requirement (Adekoya,
2006).
This belief
of people over which mode of entry is better in terms of university performance
is different from one group to another, hence this study was undertaken to
examine the mode of entry and performance of Nigerian university
undergraduates.
The academic
performance of students admitted into the universities in Nigeria has been an
issue of great concern to lecturers and all those who are interested in the
education industry. There are minimum entry requirement that candidates must
posses before they can be admitted into degree programme in the universities.
University of Lagos is not an exception. The requirements are met for both the
pre-degree, UME and Direct entry candidates. Candidates are expected to possess
NECO/WAEC SSCE or its equivalents with credits in five (5) subjects (including
English and mathematics) relevant to their course(s) at not more than one
sitting (Adeleke, 2006).
It is
assumed that all those admitted into the University of Lagos irrespective of
the mode of entry will be able to cope with the academic rigours but contrary
to this expectations, some drop out on the way without graduating from the
university, yet some change their courses and others spend extra year(s) before
graduating as can be seen with the extension students and even some end up with
pass and third class degrees. This scenario shows that performance may be a
function of the mode of entry, hence, the problem of this study is to determine
the relationship between the mode of entry and performance of Nigerian
undergraduates in our universities, especially the University of Lagos (Nwosu,
2005).
1.2 Statement of the problem
No doubt,
the mode of entry into the nation’s Universities by students, affects the
academic achievement of the learners. There are many students who gained
admission through the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) who do not
have high academic standard in their subject areas. Many students today who are
admitted into the higher institutions of learning, especially the university of
Lagos perform poorly in their academics. Most of them are advised to withdraw
from their studies simply because they fail to cope with the vigorous academic
work loads in their courses, while majority barely get the required Cumulative
Grade Point Average (CGPA) to continue to the next level until graduation. Not
only that, the admission criteria of cathment areas, educational disadvantaged
areas and quota system, are issues that have bedeviled our education system,
and if care is not taken, can assist in the collapse of educational standards
in Nigeria, especially at the tertiary level.
The above
problems gave rise to the examination of the mode of entry on performance of
University of Lagos undergraduates.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main
purpose of this study is to examine the influence of mode of entry on academic
performance of undergraduates at University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos.
This study
will also examine the following:
(1) To examine whether there is a difference
between the academic performance of students who entered the University through
direct entry and those with JAMB.
(2)
To find out whether mode of entry influences the academic achievement of
students at University of Lagos.
(3)
To investigate whether there is any difference between the academic
performance of students who entered the University through JAMB and through
foundation programme.
(4) To find out whether the academic
performance of students differ due to their mode of entry to the University.
(5) To examine whether the academic
achievement of undergraduate students differ due to mode of entry into the
university.
1.4 Research Questions
The
following research questions will be raised in this study:
(1) Will the mode of entry to the
University influence undergraduate students’ performance?
(2) Will there be any difference in the
academic performance of undergraduates who gained admission through direct
entry and those through JAMB?
(3) Will there be any difference in the
academic performance of students who entered the University through JAMB and
the foundational programme?
(4) Will the academic achievement of
undergraduates differ due to the mode of entry into the University?
(5) Is there any difference in the academic
achievement of undergraduate students due to mode of entry into the University?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following research hypotheses will be formulated and tested in this study:
(1) There will be no significant difference
in the performance of undergraduate students who entered the University through
direct entry and those through JAMB.
(2) There will be no significant influence
of entry mode on undergraduate students’ academic performance at University of
Lagos.
(3)
There will be no significant difference in the performance of students
who entered the University through JAMB and those through foundation programme
at University of Lagos
(4) There will be no significant gender
difference in the academic performance of undergraduate due to entry mode to
the University.
(5) The academic achievement of
undergraduate students will not significantly differ due to mode of entry into
the University.
1.6 Significance of the study
This study
will be beneficial to the following individuals:
(1) Students – The students, especially the
undergraduates will find this study very important because its findings and
recommendations will serve as pieces of information to them concerning the mode
of entry to the University and the resultant academic achievement.
(2) Lecturers – Would be able to know the
more that, the academic performance of students depends majorly on their modes
of entry into the University. With the results and recommendation of this
study, lecturers will have more information on the University admissions mode
and their outcomes on students’ academic careers.
(3) The school Authorities – The school
authorities no doubt, would be in-the-know concerning admission modes and their
effects on students’ learning outcomes in the school, especially at University
of Lagos. With these information at the disposal of the school authorities,
they would be able to reformulate policies on admissions.
(4) Government/Ministry of Education - The
government and the ministry of Education both at the Federal and State levels,
would benefit from this because, it will enable them to know clearly the
effects of mode of entry of students, on their academic achievement especially
at the University of Lagos.
(5) The society – The larger members of the
society would be able to appreciate that the academic performance of student
cannot be separated absolutely from their mode of entry into the University.
With this, the members of the society would know the roles played by University
admission and students’ academic performance at schools.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study
The study
will cover the influence of entry mode on undergraduates’ performance at
University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. Time, finance, sourcing of relevant materials
would be hindrance to the timely completion of this project.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Operational
terms will be defined in this study accordingly.
(1) Entry Mode: This means the type of
admission a students gains in order to enter any University in Nigeria. It
could be Direct Entry (D.E); the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB)
and or the foundational programme (F.P) organized by various Universities in
Nigeria.
(2) Academic Achievement: By this, we mean
the overall performance of students in the class tests, continuous assessment
and terminal examinations conducted for students at the end of the academic
session.
(3) Catchment Area: This is a concessionary
priority or grace in admission which is given to those who live in the area the
University is situated or built.
(4) Quota System: This is a term used to
denote the equal right given to some areas in Nigeria for instance, the North
and South of Nigeria, have a gap in education. This quota system came to help
the Northern Nigeria to square up with educational gap given to them by the
southern Nigeria.
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