PEACE BUILDING INITIATIVES AND INSECURITY CONCERNS IN NIGERIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE NORTH-EAST EXPERIENCE IN RELATION TO NATIONAL SECURITY
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PEACE
BUILDING INITIATIVES AND INSECURITY CONCERNS IN NIGERIA WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO THE NORTH-EAST EXPERIENCE IN RELATION TO NATIONAL SECURITY
ABSTRACT
The research
investigated the peace building initiatives and insecurity concerns in Nigeria
with particular reference to the North-East experience in relation to national
security. The relationship between insecurity and peace building, the impact of
insurgencies on national security, the contributions of the United Nations (UN)
in addressing the menace and the challenges will also be discussed. This study
covers the period of 2008-2018.
The study
adopted the qualitative approach using secondary data to solve the research
problem. Findings revealed that effects of insecurity and violence on the
national security of Nigeria to be insecurity, poverty, poor socioeconomic
development, unemployment, forced displacement and wanton destruction of lives
and properties. Also the issues encountered by the various security agencies in
combating the incidence of insecurity and violence in Nigeria were identified
to be poor funding, lack of basic equipment, poor welfare package and lack of
training of the security personnel. The strategies to tackle this issues rest
majorly on the government to provide all these necessary things in order to
counter insecurity and violence in Nigeria. Analysis on the partnership and
contributions of the United Nations (UN) in addressing the scourge of
insecurity and violence in North-East Nigeria revealed that UN has mobilized
the member states to support Nigeria in peace building. Although USA has not
been committed to her promise, but other African countries, China, France and
Britain has participated in the UN effort at restoring peace in the North East
Nigeria. Finding further show the efforts of successive Nigeria governments and
diplomats in engaging the United Nations toward solving the problem of insecurity
and violence in North-East Nigeria which were majorly the setting up Joint Task
Force in curbing the menace. The
Nigerian troops have also assisted the United Nations in her missions of peace
keeping and conflict resolution in the North-East by protecting the UN
officials and aids in their humanitarian efforts.
Conclusively,
this study as revealed that the effects of insecurity and violence on the
national security of Nigeria to be insecurity, poverty, poor socioeconomic
development, unemployment, forced displacement and wanton destruction of lives
and properties. Base on the findings indicated to this study, it is therefore
recommended among others the government should tackle the root cause of
insecurity which are poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, corruption and lack of
commitment to national development; Necessary equipment and training should be
provided for the security forces in an attempt to discharge their duties
effectives; Nigeria government should cooperate with United Nations and other members
states in their peace building initiatives; There is need to rehabilitate the
remorseful terrorist who has surrender to the government and use the
information obtained from them to decimate the unrepentant ones.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The
exceptionality and centrality of the United Nations (UN) is widely recognized.
This is because; at the international level the United Nations has remained the
most formidable conglomeration of nations guarding jealously, its cardinal
objective of ensuring the maintenance of international peace and security
(Adelusi & Oluwashakin, 2014). More so, it has been observed that the world
has become generally less peaceful in recent times. The decrease in
peacefulness has reversed a long time trend in peaceful coexistence since the
end of the Cold War (Adelusi & Oluwashakin, 2014). Many countries of the
world are engulfed in one form of conflict: violence, terrorism, civil unrest,
insecurity and insurgency resulting to deaths and increase in the number of
refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs). The number and intensity of
the high profile conflict extremism, violence, terrorism and civil unrest has
had a detrimental effect on peace and development in many developing countries including
Nigeria (Obamwonyi and Owenvbiugie, 2015).
Conflict
extremism, terrorism etc are capable of destroying both human and physical
capital as well as economic and financial institutions. Further, it can lead to
disruption in consumption, investment, business and trade, production and
divert investment from productive areas of development including
entrepreneurship development, education, infrastructure, and health into areas
of violence containment: security, high prison population etc. The cost of conflict
extremism, violence and terrorism on a society and a nation is significantly
very high (Blanchard 2014; Ogege 2013).
Peace is
therefore an essential prerequisite because without peace, it will not be
possible to achieve the level of cooperation, trust and inclusiveness necessary
to solve our challenges and empower our institutions and organizations. In
post-conflict societies and nations like the North Eastern region of Nigeria,
peace building offers itself as an important option for rehabilitation, integration
and economic recovery (Orhero, 2015). Peace building has been evolving as the
dynamics of the global environment dictates. Peace building has expanded beyond
the United Nations popularized definition of action to solidify peace and avoid
relapse into conflict (Evans et al, 2013) to a holistic understanding of the
needs for security, justice, political stability, socio-economic recovery and
sustaining peace.
There is now
a growing awareness both at the national and global levels that to establish a
lasting and objective peace and sustainable development requires marshalling
more activities that cut across many domains. Agenda for Peace, peace building
as a process has continued to evolve to encompass state-building activities and
those activities that aim at strengthening the socio-economic aspects of the
society. On this note, the United Nations’ definition could be expanded to
include actions and principles that seek to address the root causes of
conflict, insecurity, insurgency and violent extremism in order to build or
rebuild social relationships and structures capable of sustaining peace
(Brabani, 2010). Conflict, violent extremism, insecurity and terrorism affects
to socio-economic development of nations.
Peace
therefore becomes inevitable for sustainable economic development. Literature
indicates that regions and countries with high profiles of violent extremism
and insecurity experience low economic activities and lack sustainable
livelihood opportunities. As a result these countries are poor compared to
those that do not experience conflict, insecurity and violence (World Bank,
2011) and Barnett et al (2007) like Japan, the USA, Korea, Britain etc. The
2009 UN Secretary General’s Report on Peace building set out five priority
areas for interventions in post-conflict contexts: establishing security,
building confidence in a political process, delivering initial peace dividends,
and expanding core national capacity (UN, 2009).
Explicitly, economic and entrepreneurship
dividends fall under priority three: delivering initial peace dividends. Since
then a lot of researches have been carried out linking peace building to
education, gender, community development, security, human rights and children
(World Bank, 2011). However, as stated earlier, few of such researches link
peace building to sustainable entrepreneurship development. Peace building
efforts have impacted positively on the economy of some African nations like
Mozambique, Burundi, Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Somalia, and Democratic
Republic of Congo.
In Nigeria,
conflict, violence and insecurity occasioned by the activities of Boko Haram
insurgency in the North Eastern region appear to be the primary challenge in
recent time and a very significant factor militating against development
including sustainable entrepreneurial activities that would have reduced
poverty in the region (Abubakar, 2013). The challenge of development has been
further compounded by the following drivers of conflict, extreme violence and
insecurity: youth unemployment, lack of empowerment (dependency syndrome),
poverty, political exclusion and corruption, inadequate room for creativity and
innovation, gender inequality, high rate of illiteracy, ethnic diversity and
religious intolerance. These drivers are certainly responsible for the woes in
this region (Adelusi & Oluwashakin, 2014).
At present
peace is gradually returning to North Eastern Nigeria and peace building
becomes inevitable to restore enduring peace and kick-start development. Peace
building as use in this context is anchored on activities that seek to address
the root causes or potential causes of violence, creating a societal
expectation for peaceful conflict resolution and of course, stabilizing the
society socio-economically, religiously and politically (Michael, 2010;
Sandole, 2010)
The study
appraises the peace building initiatives in North East Nigeria by the United
Nations. The efforts of Nigeria governments toward allying with the United
Nations in the fight against domestic terrorism are also a major issue in the
study. The activities of insurgency and violence have dented the image of the
country over the years and urgent solution is needed to bring an end to the
scourge. The study is uniquely necessary since the roles of United Nations is
analyzed and discussed (Mudashir & Ibrahim, 2013).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
All
societies and nations need peace to exist and develop. However, peace is often
violated due to conflicts, violent extremism, terrorism and insecurity arising
from youth unemployment, poverty, gender imbalance, economic and political
exclusion, faith-based intolerance, low level of education, ethnicity,
corruption, inadequate room for creativity and innovation among others
(Obamwonyi and Owenvbiugie, 2015). These vices have brought negative
consequences on economic development of many African nations including Nigeria.
Nigeria, as
a country, is under internal security threats occasioned by acts of domestic
terrorism which greatly affects the nation’s stability and well-being (Ogundiya
2009).
Prominent
among these acts of domestic terrorism are ethno-religious fighting, violent
and un-abated attacks in the oil-rich Niger-Delta, small arms proliferation,
bombing and wanton destruction of property (Ogundiya 2009). Domestic terrorism,
especially Boko-Haram insurgence negates security and where there is no
security, anarchy strives and there is no development. Any threat to the
national security will definitely have far-reaching negative consequences on
Nigeria’s foreign image, the country as a whole and the world at large.
The North
Eastern region of Nigeria has been faced with conflict situations like: violent
extremism and terrorism occasioned by the insurgent activities of Boko Haram
since 2009. How can this area return to peace? This is where the problem lies
and restoring harmony to the area is one of the merits of United Nations. The
founding of the United Nation (UN) after the Second World War has provided a
stimulus for rigorous approaches to the study of peace and conflict resolution
across the world (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse, & Miall, 2016). There has been
dependence on the UN for peace building initiatives in order to savor the
situation in North-East Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general
objective of this study is to examine the extent to which United Nations’ peace
building initiatives has impacted on the national security of Nigeria as well
as the efforts of Nigeria government in partnership with the UN to tackle this
menace. The specific objectives are to:
examine the effects of insecurity and
violence on the national security of Nigeria;
identify the issues encountered by the
various security agencies in combating the incidence of insecurity and violence
in Nigeria and proffer strategies to address the issue;
analyze the partnership and contributions
of the United Nations (UN) in addressing the scourge of insecurity and violence
in North-East Nigeria;
determine the efforts of successive Nigeria
governments and diplomats in engaging the United Nations toward solving the
problem of insecurity and violence in North-East Nigeria;
ascertain the roles of Nigeria in assisting
the United Nations in her missions of peace keeping and conflict resolution in
the North-East.
1.4 Research Questions
In order to
achieve the objectives of this study, the following research questions will be
relevant to this work:
What impact does insecurity and violence
have on the national security of Nigeria?
What are the issues encountered by the
various security agencies in combating the issues of insecurity and violence in
North-East Nigeria and what strategies can be adopted to address this security
challenge?
What are the contributions of the United
Nations (UN) in addressing the scourge of insecurity and violence in North-East
Nigeria?
What are the efforts of government and
diplomats in engaging the United Nations toward curbing the menace of
insecurity and violence in Nigeria?
What are the roles played by the Nigerian
government in assisting the United Nations in her peace building initiatives in
North-East?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The
significance of the study is that the findings of this research would
contribute to policy input for members of the Security Council at the Federal,
State and Local Government levels. Secondly, the findings would be useful to
the various security agencies such as the Nigerian Police, State Security
Services and their operatives who are directly charged with the onerous task of
maintenance of law and order as well as members of the armed forces.
This
research will also be useful to members of the media especially defense and
security correspondents who report issues related to national security. The
study will also highlight the specific contributions and efforts of the United
Nations (UN) in their peace building initiatives to solve the problem of
insecurity in North-East Nigeria. The issues of insecurity and peace building
initiatives have been studied by previous authors but this study is significant
because it focuses on the efforts of Nigeria governments and diplomats in
engaging the United Nations to ensure that insecurity and violence in the
North-East are terminated through peace building initiatives.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study
covers peace building initiatives and insecurity concerns in Nigeria with
particular reference to the North-East experience in relation to national
security. The relationship between insecurity and peace building, the impact of
insurgencies on national security, the contributions of the United Nations (UN)
in addressing the menace and the challenges will also be discussed. This study
covers the period of 2008-2018. This period is chosen because of the upsurge
and intensity of insecurity concerns within the period in Nigeria and the
urgent need for a long lasting solution.
Nevertheless,
the researcher chose to treat the issue of insecurity and the peace building
initiatives of the United Nations instead of other menaces like kidnapping,
hostage taking, fraud, etc because it helps to present the current image of
Nigeria due to the scourge and the efforts government and diplomats should make
to partner with the United Nations in ensuring peace and security is provided
in the North-East.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
1. Domestic
Terrorism: for the purpose of this study, domestic terrorism, as conceptualized
by Akanji (2009) is: “The act of terror committed within the boundaries of a
sovereign state against civilians, the government and public and private
properties in a bid to coerce or intimidate the government or people of that
state”.
2. National Security: the study adopts the
definition by Obasanjo (2009) which states that national security is the:
“Aggregation of the security interests of the individuals, political entities,
human associations and ethnic groups, which make up the nation. The security
interest includes safety of life and property, economic, psychological and
mental well-being and the freedom to pursue the attainment of legitimate
objectives without hindrance” (Obasanjo 2009). Obasanjo’s definition is
comprehensive as it touches every aspect of human endeavor and the society and
hence will be adopted as the definition for this study.
3. Peace
Building Initiative: Peace building is an intervention technique or method that
is designed to prevent the start or resumption of violent conflict by creating
a sustainable peace. Peace building activities address the root causes or
potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful
conflict resolution, and stabilize society politically and socioeconomically.
The activities included in peace building vary depending on the situation and
the agent of peace building. Successful peace building activities create an
environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents;
prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule of law
mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. Researchers
and practitioners also increasingly find that peace building is most effective
and durable when it relies upon local conceptions of peace and the underlying
dynamics which foster or enable conflict (Coning, 2013).
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