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INFLUENCE OF CHILD ABUSE ON
THE SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF PUPILS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
The study examined the influence
of child abuse on the social adjustment of children in primary schools in
Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. In this study, some relevant and
extensive literatures were review under relevant sub-headings. The descriptive
research survey was used to assess the respondents; opinions using the
questionnaire and the sampling technique. In this study, 120 (one hundred and
twenty) respondents were selected and used as samples to represent the
population of the study.
A total of four (4) null
hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study. Also, the independent
t-test statistical tool was used to test and analyses the null hypotheses at
0.05 level of significance.
At the end of the exercise,
the following results were obtained:
1. There is a significant difference between
the family background of children who are abused and those who are not abused.
2. There is a significant difference
between the social adjustment of children abused and those not abused.
3. There is a significant difference between
the academic performance of children who are abused and those who are not.
4. Finally, there is a significant
difference between the abuse of children who come from high socio-economic home
and those who come from low socio-economic homes.
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The term “child
abuse” is becoming alarming in our contemporary society. Its magnitude and
frequency of occurrence are such that is has attracted global attention. The
protection of children from all kinds of abuse has been a major crusade in our
society (Henry, 1996). Parents who abuse children from all ethnic, religious,
geographic, socio-economic, and educational groups, moat child abuse parents
were themselves abuse as children. They regard their children as someone who
should satisfy his/her parents’ psychological needs. When the child cannot do
this, as he/she usually cannot, the parents may become violently angry. Most
abusers are simply lonely, unloved, immature, depressed and angry persons. The
way children are abuse these days is not the way it was in the olden days. For
example, many parents do undress in the full glare of their children, thereby
abusing them psychologically. In those days, parents hardly undress in the
presence of their children. And this has curtailed the rate of child abuse in
those days. These days, parents do not see their undressing before their
children as anything bad. Rather, they think that they are teaching the child
on how to take care of their bodies and dresses. Child abuse is the physical or
emotional harm to children caused by parents, guardians or other adult members
of the society, Achilles (1994). In the United States for example, physical
abuse per a million people and reported each year. An approximately equal
number of cases of serious neglect are reported. One third of all types of
child abuse affect children under 1 year of age, one third from ages 1 to 3 and
one third over 3 years. Every country of the world has laws requiring
physicians and other professionals to report suspected child abuse. Laymen and
also strongly encouraged to report cases of child abuse or neglect in order for
these children to be identified and helped (United Nations, 2000). The rate of
which adolescents are turning to become touts and hooligans in the society is
one of the reasons this researcher is embarking on this study. This is because
many students from good homes seem to turn out to be socially maladjusted.
Perhaps due to the problem of parental abuse or neglect. The numbers of
homeless, street trading, touts, area boys and girls and prostitution among our
youths in the Nigerian society, especially in Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos State cannot but be a great source of concern. Oloko (1996) is of the
opinion that the magnitude of child abuse or neglect and its frequency of
occurrence are such that it has attracted global attention for example, she
claims that the protection of children from all forms of abuse has been a major
crusade in our society and beyond. According to her, symposia were organized in
Lagos and other places to mark the day of the African child in which people
participated. Representative from United Nations Children Education Fund
(UNICEF) were not left out. In addition, other organisation such as the
Organisation for African United (OAU) the International Labour Organisation
(ILO) etc frowned at this phenomenon in the society. Children are abused in
many ways by either parents or the adult members of the society. The abuse
ranges from sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological abuse to total neglect
which in any case leads to their negative social adjustment in the society
(Russel, 1986). Child sexual abuse and neglect are widely regarded as a cause
of mental health problems in adult life. The possible influence of child sexual
abuse on adult social and economic functioning has not received the attention
it perhaps deserves, as well as documented difficulties that sexually abused
children experience in the school situation with academic performance and
behaviour (Jong, Balt and Raymond, 1987; Chen and Mannerino (1988) and
Friederch (1989). Banjor (1997) states that, the fact that the Nigerian
children are subjected to various forms of abuse and neglect by individuals and
the society does not means that it is legal and fashionable to treat children
in such manner. He therefore, supports the opinion of the Nigerian constitution
which stipulates in chapter 11, section 18 that children of young persons and
the aged in our society or communities are to be protected against moral or
material neglect. Becker, (1990) states that in the United States of America,
various laws are made in order to protect the interest of children. Their
provision is further buttressed by the fact that the children must not be
subjected to any kind of abuse or neglect. Moreso, as they symbolize the future
growth of the society in which they live. Oloko (1996) and Bamidele (1999)
state that children are commonly seen in Lagos hawking while their parents/guardians
comfortably sit at home waiting for the proceeds. Apart from not being in
school. Female children are given out in early marriages at a very tender age.
Also, the female genital mutilation abounds in almost all parts of the country
today, it is very pathetic to observed that despite media reports regarding its
hazards some parents and guardians still subject their children or wards to
this dangerous practice. It is impossible to eradicate child abuse or neglect
when in actual fact, parents/guardians, actively encourage it. For example, in
some communities, parents actually give out their children or wards as house
helps only to come at the end of the month for income (Adeoye, 2000 and
Kendale, 2000). This has caused untold hardship on these children who are given
to serve people as househelps. In many cases, children who serve as househelps
do not go to school. Even, when they go to school their school fees are not
paid promptly and their necessary schools materials such as school uniforms,
textbooks, exercise books etc are not provided. This condition of being a
househelp leads a child to absenteeism truancy and dropping out of school
syndrome. These in any case, lead to poor academic performance, poor and social
personal adjustment and poor socio-economic status of the child when he/she
becomes an adult member of the society. In many cases, child abuse has led to
prostitution and sexual harassment which in turn led to unwanted pregnancies,
aborting, death or early motherhood without education. For example a girl child
who hawks wares on the street may end up being a prostitute and consequently
contacting sexually transmitted disease such as the deadly HIV/AIDS and this
may lead to premature death and cutting short of her opportunity and career in life
(Nwagbo, 1998). Child abuse may be limited to the following factors: Lack of
parental care, poverty, loss of parents or death of breadwinner(s) in the home,
parental separation of marital divorce. Some of these factors can lead to a
child being left in the hands of care-giver such as step-parents guardians etc
who now mishandle the affairs of the child in the most unfortunate way or
manner which contributes abuse or care-givers to the child’s social adjustment
cannot be over emphasized. Due to the abuse meted on the child by those who are
supposed to take care of him/her, make the child to be socially maladjusted in
the immediate community or society where he/she funds him/her self. This leads
to social deviations and delinquencies which are anti-social behaviours or
negative norms the society abhorres and avoids. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The increase in
the incidence of child abuse in the society has been of great concern to both
the government and educationsists. The issues of child abuse has been
persistent in many parts of the country. The society or environment where a
child is brought up is a determinant of the level of child abuse he/she is
subjected to. Due to this, the society is no longer free. Child abuse has eaten
the minds of many Nigerians especially parents, guardians and other care givers
in the country. The problems of child abuse include street begging for parents
upkeep, hawking on the streets by kids where they can easily be exposed to
dangers of being knocked down by speeding vehicles. Many children who are
neglected by their parents are atimes hooligans, robbers etc while the female
ones go into prostitution and other related cases, such as rape, sexual
harassment, drug abuse and addiction which is a deviant behaviours in the society.
Other negative influence are personality problems, high rate of crimes in our
society, corruption, absenteeism, truancy and dropping out of school which is
prevalent among the abused and the neglected children etc. It is against this
background that this study is embarked upon in order to examine the effects of
child abuse on the personal social adjustment of the pupils in the primary
school level and to prefer possible solution to this problem. 1.3 Purpose of the Study This study attempts
to examine the effects of child abuse on the personal social adjustments of
pupils in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos State. 1.4 Research Questions The following
research questions will guide the conduct of this study. 1. What are the causes of child abuse?
2. What are the effects of
child abuse? 3. Is there any
difference between the social adjustment of children who are abused and neglected
and those who are not? 4. Is
there any difference between the social personal adjustment of male and female
students? 5. Is there any
difference between the academic performance of children who are abused and
neglect and those who are not? 6.
How can the problem of child abuse be solved? 1.5 Research Hypotheses The following
research hypotheses will guide the conduct of this study: 1. There will be no significant
difference between the family background of abuse children and those who are
not abused. 2. There will be no
significant difference between the social adjustment of children who are abused
and those who are not. 3. There
will be no significant difference between the academic performance of children
who are abused and those who are not. 4. There will be no significant
difference between the abuse of children from high socio-economic home and
those from the low socio-economic homes. 1.6 Significance of the Study The importance
of this research work will be that it would provide more knowledge to the
masses especially, the parents or guardians on the implications of any form of
child abuse and neglect on adolescents. It will also enlighten people on the
different forms of abuse of children and some suggested solutions to the
problems of child abuse in our society. 1.7 Scope of the Study The study will cover
the effects of child abuse on the personal social adjustment of students in
secondary schools in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos State. 1.8 Limitation of the Study The study will
be limited to Surulere Local Government environs. Fund, time and sourcing of
good materials would be hindrance to the timely completion of this project
work. 1.9 Definition of Terms The
following terms were operational defined: 1. Child: A child is a person who is
easily controlled due to his frail personality and dictated for by the adult
members of the society. 2.
Child Abuse: Child abuse is used in terms of child labour beyond the age
of the child. For example, long hours of labour, sending the child to do some
paid jobs in order to assist the family income when the child is supposed to go
the school etc. 3. Child
Neglect: Child neglect means a situation whereby the child is not given proper
care of attention as being deprived of the basic comforts of life.
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