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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION AWARENESS OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
Environment
of man is so crucial to his living conditions and defines how man organizes his
activities and how he is influenced by what are around him. Man cannot do
without his environment. Man’s relationship with his environment is a long aged
symbiotic relationship. Man gives to the environment what he is able to waste
in his activities as environment gives man the affordable and favourable
conditions to carry out his activities. Man cannot do without wastes which may
be from both man’s domestic, commercial and industrial activities which have
taken various forms and are deposited at various places. Improper dispositions
of these wastes to the environment have led to its pollutions. Pollution of the
environment has come to be a problem facing man.
This
research work sought to find the level of awareness of or literacy of
environmental pollution by Junior Secondary School Students in Enugu South
L.G.A, Enugu State. Research questions were raised and questionnaire was used
to elicit responses from the students. The information so obtained were subject
to analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of the statistical
analysis showed that these students are sufficiently aware of what constitutes
environmental pollution and even their hazardous effects. Such encouraging results
suggest that, as a subject in secondary school should be done. Topics for
further research and recommendations were also made.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Man cannot
exist without his environment. The essence of his existence is to the extent of
the availability and dependency of his environment. Based on this, in recent
times every effort its made to alleviate the poor environmental conditions of
man as to protect man (Schandorf, et al, 2003). Man is engulfed in his environment
that he cannot do without environment. According to Chambers 21st Century
Dictionary environment is defined as the surroundings or conditions within
which something or someone exists. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary on its
own part defines environment as the conditions that affect the behaviour and
development of somebody or something, the physical conditions that somebody or
something exists. Environment can refer to cultural and socio-economic
environment. In the context of this research, it is more of physical
environment which according to Uchegbu (2002) is a kind of system within which
organisms interact with the physical environment, comprising of air, water and
land.
The dynamics
of man’s existence in creativity purposes in life, his industrial revolution
involvement, commercial networks, hi-tech global networking systems, and
scientific researches to demystify the environment and subject it under man’s
existential control have committed man in constant production of wastes – these
wastes through pollution have degraded the environment that it calls for a
great concern (Schandorf et al, 2003). As an act of man, Chambers 21st Century
Dictionary defines pollution as the adverse effect on the natural environment,
including human, animal or plant life, of a harmful substance that does not
occur naturally. In other words the introduction to the environment by man made
things have adverse effect to man and environment (Arnold, 1974).
Enugu South
Local Government Area is no exempt to activities that cause pollution of
environment. Activities within and around the Local Government Area produce
pollutants that pollute the environment. Students in the various secondary
schools within the locality engage in some domestic, commercial and school curriculum
activities that generate wastes that lead to pollution. However, the crux of
the matter is, do the Junior Secondary School students in the concerned local
government area aware of what causes environmental pollution? Are they aware of
what are pollutants, classifications of pollutants, activities that can cause
pollution of the environment, indeed the dangers of environmental degradation
through pollution, or in a nutshell what is pollution of the environment and
its hazardous effects on man and his environment? The trial on these highlights
will bring to a focus the fact to acknowledge how many and how far do the
junior students of the school in Enugu South LGA are aware of what is
environmental pollution and what will be the likely steps to be taken for them
to be conscious of the environmental pollution.
Earth
environment in its various forms or spheres on land, marine and air have
throughout the existence of earth been of greater values to the actual
existence of the earth, living and non-living objects in it. There has been
much co-existence of the three spheres of earth’s environment, which has
enhanced the growth and development of stable ecological phenomenon of the
earth (Schandorf et al, 2003).
The
sustenance of the earth’s environment both to man and other living objects on
earth must be a phenomena of co-existence in a symbiotic relationship, which if
not sustained may lead to degradation and hazardous effect. In exploring the
earth environment utilising its resources for man’s scientific discoveries,
technology improvement, industrial development, man has not only distorted the
ecological system of the earth environment but also has been able to pollute
the earth’s environment. Thus, environmental problems become so obvious with
man, around man and for man; so turns to be natural problem even in Nigeria
(Ofomata, 2003).
Pollution on
air has been able to distort recent times the ozone layer, which has created
direct effect of sunrays on earth and changes in the atmospheric conditions of
the earth’s planet, through other means like the automobiles as experienced in
Thailand, Mexico, China, United States of American and Europe (De Souza, 1999).
Pollution of the aquatic regions of the earth has distorted the ecological
system of the marine sphere of the earth’s environment. Oil spillages,
domestic, industrial and commercial wastes that find their ways into the
aquatic region have not only killed the aquatic forages but also have distorted
the ecological system of the marine environment. Equally, mining activities in
some communities and textile industries have their wastes channelled down the
stream such contaminate the water (Schandorf et al, 2003). Land pollution is
not left out. The greater improvement in home domestic uses of chemical
reagents, plastics, rubber, battery components in our domestic electronic
gazettes, also chemical application in our agricultural farming systems have
resulted in production of chemically polluted land environment and both surface
and under surface water resources around man.
Meanwhile,
all these environmental polluted wastes are around man and causing both health
and environmental hazardous consequences to man and the climatic condition of
the earth planet; hence, everywhere environment experiences pollution and its
consequences, whereby that affected victims may not be considered or turned to
be passive compensated by the concerned authority just for a while (Adinna,
2003).
Oftentimes
man has not done much to tackle the menace of this environmental pollution
(Adinna, 2003). Hence, not having proper solution to its management has led to
its continuous hazardous effects on man and the environment itself. So it calls
for proper orientation of the concerned authorities to build up strategies to
guide against environmental degradation.
Fundamentally
to the solution is the proper environmental management orientation of the
students in our secondary school among other solutions. Here in Enugu,
environmental pollution is everyday natural phenomenon and its improper
management and consequent effects are observable facts around people that live
in this metropolis. Even students are often times involved in causing pollution
and generation of environmental pollutants. Besides, students in secondary
schools at Enugu South Local Government Area are not exempts to this
phenomenon.
Therefore,
the urgent and intensified efforts to teach them, create an awareness
strategies for them to realise the global effects of pollution and what pollution
is all about will help bring down to its minimal level the pollution effect of
the environment within and around the area of study. Or if need be for any
legal regulations, the students will be aware of them and implications of hat
and their importance (Ofomata, 2003).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Human wastes
find their ways if improperly disposed in various surface and underground
waters resources in our metropolis. According to Uyanga (2003), all wastes
affect man and his environment in one form or the other if not properly
managed. Human industrial development in our metropolis also finds their wastes
in our surface and underground waters. Even our commercial activities in our
various market areas generate wastes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable
materials, which are seen, scattered in various shopping areas and market
places (Uyanga, 2003). Also in various market abattoirs animal faeces or wastes
are washed in our surface waters. Also our clinical wastes from our health
centres and hospitals are seen flushed down the streams and underground waters.
In various undeveloped site, people use such areas for defecation and wastes
disposition areas. Also various street hawkers help to deposit and generate
wastes within and around the metropolis. All these form both in remotely and
proximately pollutants and pollution process that degrade the environment.
Refuse
disposal in Enugu metropolis has indeed defiled possible solution, because of
inconsistent and superficial managerial approach towards solving it.
Consequently, citizens of the area devise disposing their generated wastes
inside the streams or underground waters, which are available sources for both
domestic and some industrial activities. Based on this, the Enugu South Local
Government Area and its environs have experience a lot of environmental health
hazards and outbreak of diseases in recent past serious diseases like cholera,
diarrhoea, dysentery and malaria are in the increase as are also the stressed
views of Ofomata pinpointing the hazardous consequences of such action
(Ofomata, 2003).
In rainy
season, when it rains the easy flowing water drainage are blocked by deposited
wastes in them because of improper wastes management in the area of study.
Thus, effects of erosions are experience in the over flooding of the area with
human wastes that have led to some hazardous health effect and degradation of
the environment and aesthetic value of the area of study.
In dry
season, the area of our study not only experience pollution of its environment
by dirt and human generated wastes, with stinking odour which causes the water
to be unsafe and unpleasant environment for human activities. Even some
deposited chemical and industrial non-biogradable waste materials are washed
into the surrounding surface and underground waters in the area as properly
articulated by Dorayi (1982) as causes of environmental unhealthy conditions.
Our
secondary school environments are not left out from human generated wastes and
pollution by students which has not only degraded the environment but worse
still distort the aesthetic value of our environment even often leading to
hazardous health effects.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This
research project aims at verifying the extent of awareness of environmental
pollution among students of Junior Secondary School in Enugu South Local
Government Area. In order to achieve this purpose, these following specific
objectives are addressed. They include:
1. To identify the understanding of
what is environment by the students.
2. To examine the types and classes
of pollutants in the study area.
3. To take random samples of
students as case study to understand what they understand by environmental
pollution.
4. To identify the hazardous effects
of environmental pollution in the study area.
5. To explore the possible policy
measures to be adopted as to sustain the created awareness within and around
the scope of study.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings
of this project, which focus on, the environmental pollution awareness will be
of great importance not only to the researcher, but also to entire concerned
students and school of the Enugu South Local Government Area, its environs and
Enugu State in general.
Again, it
will go a long way in revealing the needed information to address the problem
of environmental pollution, which has been a sensitive issue within and around
the study area due to its health and diversing environmental hazard. Hence, it
will be a very sensitive information for the school authorities, the government
and environmental management agencies as to have workable measures to identify
various pollutants, sources of pollution, and how to minimize wastes generation
and maximize wastes recycling techniques that could be of greater help to
concerned schools, local government and state authorities and the populace in
controlling wastes disposal and embark on waste recycling techniques. In order
to assist identify these sources of human activities in urban environment Riggs
(1968) was able to identify four aspects of urban pollutions which include:
1. Urban Infection: Due to the
countless contacts, which each individual makes during the day.
2. Urban Intoxication: Intoxication
here means poisoning by the atmosphere. This has been particularly noticeable
near factories and industries that are chemical in nature.
3. Urban Deficiency: This is due
both to ultra violet and other sunrays and also to lack of food and unbalanced
diets in certain areas.
4. Overwork: This may be academic,
muscular, or intellectual or the result of insomnia. Effective management is
nothing more than a little knowledge, awareness, and practice of a high level
of sanitation.
Also, the
findings from this research project will be of educational value to the entire
students of the studied local government area to be aware of the need to
identify environmental pollution processes, how environmental pollution is
generated and its hazardous effect on human beings and the environment.
Furthermore,
with deep research on environment and man and various techniques of
environmental management the findings will create environmental consciousness
on the students to develop a grass root personal hygiene, environmental
cleanness and how to reduce environmental pollution activities and maximize the
recycling of the various generated environmental wastes.
Recommendation
of this project will equally be an educative phenomenon, and reference agenda
to the concerned authorities in future to help in stopping the environmental
mismanagement tendencies among the youths and secondary school students. When
they are led in the proper management of their environment it will help greatly
in the global awareness campaign to create and live in a greener environment.
It will
equally be proper grass root environmental management orientation awareness for
young students to study and know their environment as to improve on its
ecological sustenance. This is also the
view of Adinna (2003) in stressing the valuable importance of highlighting the
awareness of pollution as to encourage environmental education of the people.
Finally, the
form of the data and research information that will be provided by this
research will be of great importance to various environmental agencies and
planners in the studied local government area and the state in general. This
will guide them in the grass root campaign on environmental management control
among the youths especially students who are future hope of maintaining a
sustainable environment. Also it will help to be included in the school
curriculum for students of junior secondary students and others to be part of
their academic school programme. In so doing, issue of environmental pollution
control will be self imposed duty on individual students, to everyone in
general as assistance to help tackle similar problem affecting the environment
as to have a proper environmental wastes management and global consciousness to
safeguard the environment and sustain the global ecosystem for ourselves now
and future generations to come (Oforji, 2007).
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In view to
actualise a considerable success in carrying out this as to liken with the
purposes of this study, these basic following research important questions have
to be stated as a guide to the researcher. They include:
1. What do the students understand
by environment?
2. What do the students understand
by classification of environmental pollution?
3. What do the students understand
by environmental pollution?
4. What the student identify as
hazardous effects of environmental pollution?
5. What are the possible
recommendations or solutions to these problems of environmental pollution?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
research mainly focused on finding out from Junior Secondary Schools in Enugu
South Local Government Area. As a local government area is made up of urban and
semi-urban areas. Among the urban areas include Awkunanaw, Uwani (the local
government headquarters), Idaw-River, Maryland, while the semi-urban areas
include; Obeagu Awkunanaw, Ugwuaji, Ndiagu Amechi and Akwuke. The local
government has much influence of urbanization because of its closeness to the
Enugu metropolis, the capital of the state. So it is still a gradual developing
local government area to its sub-urban areas.
Meanwhile
each of these areas that make up the local government area has both government
and private owned Junior and Senior Secondary Schools. However, because of the
limitations of this research, it centred more on the government owned Junior
Secondary Schools. This is well detailed in the data presentation table below.
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