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THE EFFECTS
OF STUDY HABITS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
In the
fields of education and psychology, learning has been discovered all over the
world to be a highly complex problem. Several researchers have tried to explain
it differently and the description of each is partially true. Over the years,
researches on factors that influence academic performance of students have
attracted the interest of not only researchers but concern of teachers,
counsellors, psychologists, and school administrators as well. This researcher
attempts to find out the Effects of Study Habits of Students in Public
Secondary Schools in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State and analyze
relationship between study habits and academic performance and various other
factors that affect study habits. It is generally believed that a student
learns effective study habits in school. So students are generally assumed to
have effective study habits, but the environment of school is very different
and the need of effective study habits is even more at college level as
compared to school. So, this research consists of details about why effective
study habits are needed in Secondary Schools in order to learn and eventually
score better. This research used questionnaire, observation and data
presentation in its work based on the number of the respondent of the questionnaires
administered. The instrument is made up of 5 items and it consists of 20 items
which formed the main part of the questionnaire. It is designed along 5 point
Likert type scale; ranging from Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A), Undecided
(U), Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD). The questions were meant to
elicit responses on The Effects of Study Habits on Academic Performance of
Students in Public Secondary Schools in Chikun Local Government Area. The work
also moved further to the finding, the conclusion, the summary and the
recommendations. Due to the finding, it is observed that some responses are
more effective than others. It means that most students do ideally follow
Effective Study Habits. In conclusion, students should not be condemned but be
encouraged and linked to teachers who they can establish intellectual
companionship that will help improve Study Habits. It was however recommended that teachers and
parents should identify good study habits and find ways and means of enhancing
them among students. Furthermore, Government should provide ways of improving
Study Habits in Secondary Schools e.g., by providing well equipped library buildings and
facilities.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Study habits
are learning tendencies that enable students work privately. Study habits are
defined as those techniques such as summarizing, note taking, outlining or
locating materials which learners employ to assist themselves in the efficient
leaning of the materials which is at hand.
The term “Study habits” implies a sort of more or less permanent method
of studying. According to Good’s dictionary of education, “Study habits are the
tendency of students to study when the opportunities are given.
In the era
of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a
first step for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development
of human capital and is linked with an individual well – being and
opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and
skills that enable individuals to increase in their productivity and improve in
their quality of life.
Success as
the name implies is wished for by everybody but
it does not easily come by on a mere platter of gold; one
must work for it through hard work and diligence. Schools, colleges,
polytechnics and universities have no worth without student. The social and
economic development of a country is directly linked with student academic
performance; the desire of success is derived from individual’s concept of
himself and in term of the meaning of various incentives as they spell success
and failure in the eyes of others.
Learning is
a very important personal matter and there isn’t one study habit that works for
every situation. An individual student has to take more responsibility to
acquire the desired knowledge to develop positive values, critical thinking,
attitudes and skills.
Effective
study skills and strategies are opportunities to approach learning tasks
systematically and independently. Practicing good study habits is the key to
becoming smarter and achieving success in school.
Paivio (2000) noted that habits of
study, which are formed in school, have greater significance and students must
realize the need to acquire these effective study habits. Effective studying
will help students to prepare schoolwork in less time to achieve greater degree
of mastery of the lesson. Students who study effectively and efficiently
utilize methods of learning which aid the acquisition, retention, application
of knowledge, facts and information from textbook and class discussion, lectures
and other resources.
According to Pascual (2001), Study
skills/ habits or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are
generally critical to success in school, are considered essential for acquiring
good grades, and are useful for learning throughout one’s life. There are
arrays of study skills, which may tackle the process of organizing and taking
in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They
include mnemonic, which aid the retention of lists of information, effective
reading and concentration techniques, as well as efficient note taking.
Effective study habits are often up to the students and their support, however
there is an evidence that they are increasingly taught at Secondary Schools and
university levels. The researchers believe that the development of study habits
helps a person become successful and productive.
Study habits are said to be improving because
of the advents and wide use of the Internet, hypertext, and multimedia resources
which greatly affect the study habits (Liu, 2005). Karin and Hassan (2006) also
noted that the exponential growth digital information, which changes the way
students perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be used in
facilitating study. Liu (2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print
material from the Internet in order to study and read later on. Igun (2005)
also found that Nigerians study from materials downloaded from the Internet.
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy, 1956). Studying is the interpretation of reading
materials. Study habits and skills are particularly important for college
students, whose needs includes time management, note taking, Internet skills,
the elimination of distraction, and assigning a high priority of study. Fielden
(2004) states that good habits helps the students in critical reflection in
skills outcomes such as selecting, analyzing, criticizing, and synthesizing.
Nneji (2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable
students to work.
Individuals are really different;
thousands would love to study at night before going to bed while thousand
others will love to study at dawn. Late night is normally quite and an
individual is unlikely to be disturbed by anyone. Besides, a person has longer
hours to review all his notes and works unlike the dawn when an individual will
have to race against time. A thorough review at night will help a person learn
while the hesistant studying at the dawn is highly prone to forgetting. This is
true for a particular group of people. This is entirely against the theory of
‘Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise’. Waking
up the whole night to study for exams is sure to affect your health. Late night
study is less productive as the mind loses concentration late at night. Lack of
sleep affects an individual’s daily life. It weakens the strength of the
student and can make him lose focus during examination. It will also lead to
serious memory impairment, thus making no use of the hard work and study. The
extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a
student earns for a particular period. It is believed that a grade is a primary
indicator of such learning. It is concluded that they may also have learned a
lot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and
studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for
the grades. It has been interplay of so many factors- gender, IQ, study habits,
age, year level, parent’s educational attainment, social status, number of
siblings, birth order, etc. In fact, almost all of existing environmental and
personal factors are a variable of academic performance. However, at this point
in time, the research would like to investigate the possible relationship
achievement of students in Secondary Schools.
The
investigation becomes a real and compelling motivation for the research to
conduct this study. Diverse study techniques, even for the improvement of
memory stress, the importance of immediacy in remembering and learning.
Thorndike’s Law of Exercise further supports this kind of principle asserting
that other things being equal, the more frequent a modifiable connection
between a situation and a respond is not being used over a period of time, the
strength of that connection is weakened. A behaviour that is stimulated over
regular period will tend to be repeated leading to habits formation. A student who has developed this kind of
behaviour, in this case, in term of having regular and scheduled study periods
and following certain methods in studying proves to have better performance.
The most common bad study habits
can affect even a gifted student, bad habits can hurt a student’s scores.
Studying with friends while having fun, sometimes a student may lose out on
quality study time by socializing. To fix this, the student needs to find a
good study group which he/she likes. Otherwise, he should just say no when
everyone wants to study together.
Too much music and noise can
interfere with the brain’s ability to comprehend new information. It can also
distract the student from focusing on the material at hand. If a student needs
music in the back ground, he should find a specific type (usually classical)
that works well for him/her. He should not keep changing it around.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. Study
Groups
2. Finding a
quite place and make it a daily habit
3. Refreshing
Topics in memory often
4. Setting a
particular time and place
5. Poor
Study Habits
6. Time
Management
7. Improving
Concentration
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of the study is to
examine the Effects of Study Habits on Student’s Performance in Chikun L.G.A.
of Kaduna State. Specially, this study seeks to examine:
To
investigate the possible relationship of study habits and how it enhances good
grades in improving academic performance of students in Secondary Schools.
The extent
of student’s good study habits which when developed improves academic
performance.
How
environment and time management affect academic performance of students.
How a
student can acquire effective study habits to improve academic performance.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. How does acquisition of good grades
improve academic performance?
2. How can
good study habits be developed to improve academic performance?
3. How does
environment and management of time affect academic performance?
4. to what
extent does time and manner affect study habits?
1.5 THEORETICAL/CONCEPTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Robert Bjork
and Fellow PT Biogger Nate Kornell have explored some of the study habits of
college students in a 2007 paper in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Research
on memory provides a number of important suggestions about the most effective
ways to study. One of the most important tip is that students should study by
testing themselves rather than just reading over the material. It is also
important to study over a period of days rather
than just waiting until the last minute to study. Kornell and Bjork’s
studies suggest that only about 2/3 of college students routinely quiz
themselves, and a majority of students study only one time for upcoming exams.
Research has
suggested that sleep and good memory are bed fellows. Burning midnight oil
harms more than it serves. The researchers say that at least a good night sleep
within 30hours is needed to remember a new task later. Science has also said
that teen brains work most effectively at night. However, the scientists
concluded that a good night’s sleep, which includes both slow –wave and REM
(Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, produces the most effective performances.
What matters
is not late night studying or early dawn studying just before the exams, but
its about how a student benefits himself through any type of reading. So long
as it benefits him, he can continue with the particular style of studying, but
an individual should take care that his/her health is not deteriorated as
health is the supreme here. A student can’t do anything he/she wants to do if
he/she has a poor health.
Nagaraju
(2004) pointed that, for good academic success, good study habits and attitudes
are important. Hence, it is imperative and desirable that a probe into the
pattern of study habits and attitudes of students be made.
Studies have
shown that learning new information in different environments, at varying noise
levels and even mood states, can significantly improve a student’s ability to
recall that same information when test day comes.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is hoped
that this study will provide information for governments, teachers, parents,
school administrators, agencies, students, communities to reflect upon various
factors that can help students in achieving their academic goals. In so doing,
they can investigate the possibility of introducing the factors to the school,
which may consequently lead to enhancing students’ educational outcomes in
schools.
In addition,
the fact that the study is conducted in Public Schools, it shares a lot of
similarities with many other counterparts. In this connection, this study
provides a valuable reference for other schools to reflect upon the study
habits as it affects the academic performance of students in Secondary Schools.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Study Habit definition
The
definition of study habits are the behaviours used when preparing for tests or
learning academic material. It also refers to the habitual practices a student
or an individual uses to help them study and learn. Good study habits can help
students achieve or maintain good grades.
2. Habits
Habits
refers to a thing that someone does often and almost without thinking,
especially something that is hard to stop doing. It is a usual behaviour.
3. Study
Study is the
activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining
things in the world. It is also the act of considering or examining materials
in detail.
4. Academic Performance
Academic
performance refers to the outcome of education, the extent to which a student
has achieved his educational goal.
5. Performance
Performance
is how well or badly an individual does an activity.
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