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THE EFFECTS
OF PARENTS SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the effect of socio-economic status of parents on the academic
performance of secondary school students in Nigeria. Main objectives of the
study were to examine the effect of socio-economic status background of parents
on secondary school students’ performance in Jama’a Local Government Area of
Kaduna State. Concerning methodology, the researcher employed both primary and
secondary data for the study. Secondary data for the study was gotten from
textbooks, research journals and the internet. The researcher used
questionnaire for the collection of data from the respondents. A sample of 200
students from five (5) secondary schools were used for the study. Data was
analysed using the chi-square method of hypothesis testing and formulation.
Findings from the study revealed that socio-economic status of parents affect
the academic performance of students. Out of 200 students used for the study,
majority asserted to this and the alternate hypothesis was accepted. Other
findings from the study showed that there is a relation between student health
status and their academic performance as well as parents educational
background. The researcher recommended that various strategies should be put in
place to reduce peer to peer influence.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education is
the best legacy parents can give to their children. The development of the
nation starts from the family. When the family succeeds in teaching and
impacting good values in their children, the country becomes a better place to
live. It is generally believed that the basis for any true development must
commence with the development of human resource. Formal education is the
demonstration of such desires to effectively and efficiently build a sound and
strong economy. Numerous factors have been identified in various research
studies to be responsible for the continuous declining of our educational
system. Various factors such as classroom size, poor teacher-student ratio,
in-adequate instructional materials, attitude of teachers towards work and lack
of seriousness in part of students.
With the
availability of more qualified teachers, improved technology and facilities for
teaching and learning, educational system in Nigeria is still losing it values.
Motivation for this study is based on the fact that some students are
exceptionally good in their work, while some extremely bad. When such
variations in scores are traced it is more often discovered that family
background is a major contributory factor. It is therefore important that the
levels of such contributions and the influence they have on children be
examined so that useful suggestions to parents, teachers, educational planners
and government could be made.
Orhungur
(1990) asserts that the cultural background of the family is determined to a large
extent by its socio-economic background. As the child grows up moves out to the
interest wider society his/her interaction with it and perception of it are
largely determined from her earlier, experiences at home. The family setting
and its socializing influence mould the personality of the child. Nigeria, for
instance is a society with diverse ethnic groups with various cultural
background in areas like family size, occupation and in extreme cases,
religion. These factors pose their own restrictions on educational upbringing
of children. The social sitting or mode of settlement of the family and
extended family system may equally influence the academic performance of a
child and by extension, their educational upbringing.
Motivation
is most need in order to perform more efficiently in their area of endeavor.
When certain factors are eminent in a child’s family background, it is clear
that the child will be motivated and driven towards high academic goal.
Denga (1986)
in Eyake (1997) advised that praises, incentives, recommendations and other
forms of reward system should be employed as motivational factors to stimulate
students to higher achievements. It is likely that the much a child achieves
during his school days is largely dependent on the kind of family to which he/
she belongs. For instance, a child whose parents take a great deal of interest
in what he/ she does at school and give him / her necessary support by
providing all the required books and finances needed has a great advantage over
a child whose parents do not give him this kind of incentives and
encouragements.
More so,
students’ attitudes to learning and educational performances are shaped by the
kind of stimuli offered to them by their various environments. This can be
considered in terms of the type of family, the home, parental social
orientation, educational level, occupation to mention but a few. It is
therefore, evident that students’ performance is contingent on the stimulus the
home offers.
Educational
upbringing is not unconnected with the family influence of a child. Individual
members of the family serve as a model to the child as he/ she copies from each
of them. Eyake (1997) quoted. Adeyeme (1977) if the house fails to provide the
child with the necessary equipments to fit him/ her into his proper place in
the society and guided properly for his/ her future career, then the child is
damaged. An analysis of the percentage of secondary school dropout today
entails that such students are usually from broken homes, wiring polygamous
family or with other socially related problems.
The agrarian
and large families have accounted for the polygamous life of people. The large
the size of the family, the more economic and other social responsibilities the
parents bring upon themselves. And more often than not, the educational
performance of students from such family suffer serious setback. This is
because such parents might not be able to afford the cost funding education for
the children.
Other factors may affect the education
performance of students like separation on grounds of different working
station, divorce or even natural death can bring adverse effect on the growth
and development of a child.
Furthermore,
economic position of parents is one of major factors that can influence greatly
the educational upbringing of a child. In most families, either or none of
parents may be earning income sufficient enough to sustain the family, faced
with malnutrition and other emotional and psychological effects, the mental
development of the child would be
greatly retarded. Orhunger (1990) adds that a low income family with plenty of
feeding problems may produce children who physical and mental development poses
real challenges to the schools effort at optimum development of the child.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The gap in
performance between students and academic excellence constitute a great source
of worry and serious concern as well as discomfiture to both parents, schools
mangers, policy makers and various governments responsible for the education of
students’ in secondary school schools. Experience has shown that among the
secondary school students’ there exist some differences which influence
students academic performance, such as some students’ being able to pay their
school fees promptly, while others were often sent away for nonpayment of school
fees, some students have problem with
the provision of school uniform but others do not. Likewise, some students were
motivated by their parents through the provision of educational materials like
text books and exercise books, others were not, where as some students’ come to
school properly feed, others not. One then wonders whether influence of family
background had played a in these issues.
In the light
of this, the main problem of this search is to find out if there exist in
Kaduna metropolis a relationship between socio-economic status of parents and
students’ academic performance.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of the study is to examine the effects of parents socio-economic
status on academic performance of students in Jama’a Local Government Area of
Kaduna State. Specific objectives of the study include:
To
investigate into the effect of socio-economic status of parents on the
educational performance of students’.
To find out
if social-economic status of parents influence their students’ academic
performance.
To find out
whether educational attainment of parent affect their students’ academic
performance.
To find out
the influence of family size on educational upbringing of the students.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the
purpose of this research work the following research questions have been
formulated;
Does
educational attainment of parent affects their students’ academic
performance?
Do parents
socio-economic statuses influence the academic performance of the
students?
Is there any
effect of family size on the academic performance of physics students?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses will be tested to guide this study;
Ho1: The socio-economic status of parents has no
significant effect on the academic performance of physics students.
Ho2: There is no significant effect between family
size and the academic performance of students in physics.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The work of
this nature when completed may help the parents to be aware of the effect the
family has on children and how such affect the child positively or negatively
in relation to their academic performance. From the available recommendations,
they will be able to adopt measures of bringing up there in such a way that
they will perform well academically
Similarly,
it is likely to encourage parents to make their children relatively comfortable
in schools. This study also could aid children of various families to be aware
and bear in mind with their parents in ability to provide them with all the
necessary requirements in schools. More so, educational and curriculum planners
could be guided in planning the curriculum without rigidity to suit diverse
cultural environments. In addition, the teachers would be aware that a cordial
teacher parent relationship may in a way improve the influence of family
background on the academic performance of a child in school. The research of
this nature is likely to help the state, nation and the world in general
benefit from as adherence to the recommendations and implementation will help
produce youths who would be better leaders of tomorrow. Finally, the research
when completed may add to available literature and may encourage further
research on the topic.
1.7 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It would be
much demanding to undertake a complete study of the effects of socio-economic
status of parents on the academic performance of students in Lagos metropolis
and due to logistics constraint on the researcher, only five schools will be
sampled, sampled schools are selected based on their metropolitan population
characteristics.
The study is
likely to be confined to senior secondary school (ss1) students of the selected
schools. This is because (ss1) is the beginning of senior secondary school class.
If family background affects students in (ss1), it is assumed that likely to
affect their performances in senior secondary school certificates examinations
and even worst in their higher academic performance.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
As words may
mean differently in different contexts, the following definitions are given as
the words used as intended to be understood for the purpose of this study.
Family: Is a
unit comprising of husband, wife and children.
Family Size:
The number of people in the family.
Family
System: This includes monogamy and may be nuclear or extended family.
Home
Environment: This refers to parental experience and aspirations for children,
objects and material conditions in the home for comfort and also specific behavioral
processes conducive to learning.
Educational
Upbringing: This refers to education of children and how they perform in
academics when subjected to test or examination.
Educational
Status: This term is used for social processes in which one achieve social
competence and individual growth, carried on in a selected, controlled sitting
which can be institutionalized as a school or college.
Occupational
Status: Person’s trade, vocation or principal means of earning living.
Socio-Economic
Status: This refers to position of recognition which one finds him in the
society. Such a position may not be hereditary but acquired through personal
efforts like education, wealth, occupation and social class.
Academic
Performance: This refers to the students’ achievement, scores within the class
and his position relative to all those subjected the same test.
Effects: the
result or outcome of anything be it positive or negative.
Home
Situation: This refers to prevailing atmosphere in the home whether violent,
resentful or in disarray.
Parental
Attitude: Parents disposition to respond in a characteristics way to some
stimulus in their social environment. Some responses determine the way and
manner their children are brought up by them.
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