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PRINCIPALS
MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to Study
One of the
major problems confronting educational institutions especially secondary school
in Nigeria is examination malpractice.
It is a cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabric of the society,
and it has become so rampant among secondary school students in Nigeria that
many regard it as a normal process of passing examination. The value and functionality of any
educational system lie in its ability to actualize the goals of education. In
educational systems, world over, the examination process makes the difference.
The goals 0 national educational systems and indeed national development become
like mirage if examination ethics is not encouraged and instituted (Nwadiani,
2005).
Till date,
examinations still remain the best tool for an objective assessment and
evaluation of what learners have achieved after a period of schooling. Hence,
any actions that undermines examinations poses a great threat to the validity
and reliability of ex animation results and certification. Unfortunately, the process of examination in
Nigeria secondary schools especially in Lagos State has become a
"contemporary shame" (Nwadiani, 2005). This is because of the
phenomenon of examination malpractice that has become endemic in the
educational system. The Examination Malpractice Act (1999) explains examination
malpractice as any act of omission r commission by a person who in anticipation
of, before during or after any examination fraudulently secure an unfair
advantage for himself or any other person in such a manner that contravenes the
rules and regulations to the extent of undermining the validity, reliability,
authenticity of the examination and ultimately the integrity of the
certificates issued. Oluyeba and Daramola (cited in Alutu & Aluede, 2006)
remarked that examination malpractice is any irregular behaviour exhibited by a
candidate or anybody charged with the conduct of examination before, during or
after the examination that contravenes the rules regulations governing the
conduct of such examination. In Nigeria, the last two decades have
witnessed an alarming rate of increase in incidents of examination misconduct
among secondary school students. Evidences abound of increasing involvement in
examination malpractice by students, teachers and parents (Vanguard, 2005;
Weekend Pointer, 2005; Daily Independent, 2004). The incidence of examination
malpractice has become so widespread that there is virtually no examination
anywhere at all levels and outside the formal school system that there is no
one form of sharp practice or the other.
The
incidences of examination malpractice are common everywhere and every
examination season witnesses the emergence of new and ingenious ways of
cheating. Though examination malpractice
is neither a recent phenomenon nor is it peculiar to Nigeria or Africa
(Awanbors, 2005), the alarming rate of increase is a global issue. The alarming
rate of increase in examination malpractice in secondary schools in Nigeria
calls for concern from all stakeholders in the education sector. It h s been
widely reported that parents and teachers aid and abet examination malpractice
directly or indirectly. (Vanguard, 2005; Weekend Pointer, 2005; Daily
Independent, 2004 Nigerian Tribune, 2009).
Parents go to the extent of bribing their way through to ensure that
their wards get unearned grades while teachers encourage examination
malpractice because they lack the zeal to work but want to be praised for job
not done (Alutu & Aluede, 2006). According to Omoluabi and Uzoka 2006), the
value system in Nigeria has broken down completely and so adults and youths
alike act without moral scruples. This
is the reason why examination malpractice still thrives despite its grave
consequences on the social political and economic structures of the
nation. Although the efforts seem to be
yielding some results, yet incidences of examination malpractice still feature
prominently in the school system.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
educational system in Nigeria has many problems but examination malpractice
constitutes one of the greatest because it threatens the very foundation of the
system. Students' engagement n examination malpractice constitutes not only a
deviant behaviour, but also affects the reliability of examination certificate
issued to those students who engage In examination The sole reliance upon
examination results t day in Nigeria has made students to see examination
certificates as the only way out of their 'misery'. Therefore, the resort to
various corrupt practices to achieve 'successes' in examination. But will not
be able to defend and justify it. Similarly, they will not be able to confront
adequately the challenges of later life. Such examination mischief makers are
liabilities to any employer and the society in general.
It has severally
been argued that examination malpractice is just one aspect of general moral
decadence in the society. But as Onyechere (1996) pints out that, the
educational system must rise above moral decadence since it holds the only hope
for the transformation of youth and for future political, social and economic
sanity. The continuous existence of examination malpractice in Lagos State
Senior Secondary Schools, resulting into perceived fall in standard of
education calls for very great concern among stakeholders in the education
industry. There are reported cases of principals' sale of school properties,
embezzlement of school fees and unclaimed salaries of retired, dead or
transferred teachers. There are also series of report about teachers and
principals collecting money from students for the award of inflated marks and
aiding and abetting examination malpractice in the writing of Junior and Senior
School, Certificate Examination.
In the words
of the Lagos State Commissioner of Education (2004:3) it has been reported that
some principals and Headmasters are still collecting unauthorized levies from
unsuspecting parents and innocent children. In the light of the above
observation certain pertinent questions could be asked. Could the present
laxity and unseriousness on the part of students, tea her and principals be
attributed to ineffective implementation of the aims and objective of
examination malpractice Act in Nigeria especially in Lagos State? Therefore
from the above statement of problems the researcher aim is to determine the
principal management behaviour and examination malpractice in Lagos State
secondary schools using Agege Local Government as a case study.
1.3 Objective of the Study
To attain
decline or departure from examination malpractice in the country, the
researchers embarked on this study to achieve the following objectives. The
general objective of the study is to determine the principal behaviour and
examination malpractice in Lagos State senior secondary school. The specific
objectives are as follows:
1. To determine the causes, consequences of
examination malpractices among senior secondary school in Lagos state.
2. To examine the extent to which principal
management behaviour in secondary has affected examination malpractices.
3. To identify through a model the
unethical examination management practices that tend to sustain examination
malpractices in Lagos State.
4. To examine the impact of examination
malpractices on educational standard in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
Base on the
above mentioned problem is the following research questions were raised and
answered in this study
1. What are examination malpractices?
2. To what extent have examination
malpractices affect educational standard in Nigeria?
3. Is there any relationship between
principal management behaviour and malpractices In senior secondary school?
4. Do policy measures put in place by the
government really helped to curb examination malpractices in Nigeria?
5. What are the possible solutions to these
problems of examination malpractices in Lagos state?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
To achieve
the objectives stated above, the following hypothesis will be tested.
Hypothesis
one
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
principal's autocratic management behavior and examination malpractice in Lagos
state senior secondary schools.
Hypothesis
two
Ho: There is no cant relationship between
principal's democratic management behavior and examination malpractice in Lagos
State senior secondary school.
Hypothesis
three
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
laisez faire management behavior and examination malpractice in Lagos state
senior secondary.
Hypothesis
four
Ho: There is no significant relationship between
situational management behaviour and examination malpractice in Lagos state
senior secondary schools.
1.6 Significance of the Study
As Nigeria
gears up towards the year 2020, to emerge as one of the 20 largest and
strongest economics in African, she requires a sound and dynamic manpower.
Unless examination malpractice is phased out, the country may not achieve
vision 2020, d the United Nations (UN), may not achieve its Millennium
Development Goals, MDG in Nigeria too. This study will be of benefits in the
following ways. The project will be of benefit, first and foremost to the
ministry of education in Lagos state because it will expose to them potential
cause of examination malpractices in the state. Secondly, this study will go a long
way to help the government formulate policy that will eradicate to the level of
examination malpractice in the country. Thirdly, this project will be useful in
various institutions especially secondary school management (principals), for
gaming greater knowledge and understanding of the problems of examination
malpractices on educational standard in the country. Finally, it will be of
great value to students as a point of reference and will equally form the basis
for further research study on examination malpractice.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study
focuses on examination malpractice as a global phenomenon, with specific
emphasis on principal management behaviour and examination malpractice in
senior secondary school in Lagos State. The researcher intends to cover only en
senior secondary schools in Agege local government Area to assess the principal
management behaviour and examination malpractice and its impact to the
educational standard in senior secondary school in Lagos State.
1.8 Limitations to the Study
Its major
limitation was the problem of getting information from the institution under
study. As organization, there is always the fear of giving out information to
the public as such, vital information needed was not readily available. Time
equally would not be left out; getting permission to leave school and the issue
of finance cannot be ignored as much was spent in procuring materials. However,
with fact and judicial use of the limited resources, reasonable analyses have
been carried out in this research work.
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