INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS ATTITUDINAL BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE ON THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
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INVESTIGATING
THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENTS ATTITUDINAL BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
ON THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The major
aim of this project was to carry out an investigation into the influence of
students’ attitudinal behaviours towards examination malpractice on their
academic performance, in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos State. In the
study, three hypotheses were postulated and tested. The survey design was
adopted in this research work in order to carry out an assessment of public
opinion of the respondents on the attitudinal behaviour of students towards
examination malpractice especially in English and Mathematics.
The
questionnaire technique was used to collect necessary data. The stratified
sampling technique was used to collect necessary data. The stratified sampling
technique was adopted to select the respondents (male/female) students which
represented the entire population of the students in the selected secondary
schools. The t-test statistical tool
was used to determine whether there was significant difference between the
students who involve themselves in examination malpractice especially in Mathematics
and English Language subjects and those who do not. The result of the findings
were: Students’ involvement in
examination malpractice does not significantly affect their academic
performance in mathematics. There is a significant difference between the
involvement of male and female students’ examination malpractice. There is a
significant influence of students’ behaviour towards examination malpractice on
their academic performance in English language subject.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Olayinka
(1998) said that examination malpractice is a “misconduct or improper practice
in any examination with a view to obtaining good result through fraudulent
means”. Some of the examination malpractices include: Cheating, giraffing,
taking prepared answers to the examination hall, impersonation, writing on
pieces of paper and hiding same under the private part, writing on the palms,
thighs and using a certain finger to indicate the correct option in the
objective test items such as thumb for ‘A’ and the smallest finger for ‘B’ or
‘C’ option. Some unscrupulous invigilators do indulge in dictating the correct
answers to students, they also extend the time allocated to the examination
paper. Some teachers show examination papers to their favoured students due to
gratification either in cash or in kind. All these are examination
malpractices.
Some
messengers abuse their offices by selling photocopied question papers to their
students, parents connive with teachers and students to purchase examination
question papers and so on. The examination malpractices in this country have
got to an alarming peak, whereby all concerned citizens are taken aback,
thinking whether we have gone beyond redemption point (Olayinka, 1998). Liman (1997) said that we read daily in
nearly all the Nigerian Newspapers reports of fraud here and there. The
impression at present is that our governments are touched, institutions of
learning are flagrantly defamed, parents are cast down and the West African
Examination Council (WAEC) formally untiring, seems to be throwing in the towel
by being unable to conduct a hundred percent fraud-free examination any
longer.
The practice
of examination fraud initiates the manners of a syndicate operation and in
keeping with the glorious tradition, its said that whoever that refuses to
co-operate is assaulted. There are the
disturbing trend surely and they have serious implications for the educational
system whose foundation is threatened.
With teachers and parents so actively involved in this unwanted fraud,
the nation faces the prospect of breeding a generation of dishonest youths,
half baked college products and invariably, an unreliable labour force for the
future.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In the
Nigerian society today, examination fraud is an important aspect of
indiscipline, ineptitude, corruption and other vices that have eaten deep into
the fabrics of the Education sector. Examination malpractices spread across the
country and involve both sexes irrespective of tribe and religion. The practice
covers various forms of leakages, certificate alteration and forgery, swooping
answer scripts, beating up examination invigilator for non-cooperation and so
on (Obe, 1996). Education in Nigeria these
days has been seriously undermined by the hydra headed monster called
examination malpractice. This is an obvious evil that be bedeviled all the
strata of our educational sector. Examination fraud seems to have gained the
upper hand and has conquered the morality and religiosity of the students.
The attitude
of students towards examination malpractices is total and over whelming and
almost all caliber of students from secondary to the higher institutions of
learning participate in it. According
to Olayinka (1997) our public examinations have lost its credibility, the
certificate which is the main reason of participation in examination fraud is
questionable in terms of academic excellence and prowess but to the
participants the end truly justifies the means because of the facts that Nigeria
is now certificate oriented. Olayinka is of the opinion that there are various
reports of this unwanted phenomenon know as examination malpractices in all the
tiers of our school system, for example the primary, the secondary and the
tertiary institutions. At the national level, efforts are being geared towards
controlling all forms of indiscipline in all spheres of our national
activities, for instance, in 1979, a national conference on discipline and
motivation in schools was organized by the National Policy Development Centre
(NPDC) in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Education (FME) with the
full support of the Federal and State government.
The basic
purpose of that conference was amongst other things, to find out the root
causes of indiscipline in school system, mostly examination fraud, drug abuse,
cultism, prostitution among the female students. It is a truism that of all the
notable indiscipline in our school system today, examination malpractice is the
worst because it tends to destroy foundation of the Nigerian educational system
and lower its standards. In an attempt
to bring about great order to the Nigeria society the military regime of Buhari
in (1984) coined an idea of War Against Indiscipline (WAI), which was meant to
wage war against prominent vices and to sanitize the society.
To extirpate
or control all forms of malpractices, the government of General Babangida in
1996, promulgated a decree covering the miscellaneous offences which included
examination malpractices more so with very stiff penalty attached for example
cheats at examinations are to serve a jail term of twenty one (21) year. But
suffice it say that this heavy penalty did not in any way abate or deter
students involvement and their burning attitude towards examination
malpractices. Obviously, it seems that the general attitude of students at all
levels of our school system towards examination fraud is high and unabated and
this has affected their academic performance greatly for example most students
cannot even speak good and passable English not to talk of writing well in
English and many students cannot even defend the stolen certificates which they
got through Examination malpractices (Ejiogu, 1996) and this has brought
disgrace to our educational system and the cheats in particular.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Examination
malpractices have been identified with such names as: the monster, national
disease, national disgrace, a cancer in educational underbelly. Examination malpractices, which began as isolated
cases of examination leakage and other malpractices in all institutions across
the country, have turned out into an avalanche, thus calling to question, the
credibility of admissions and assessments based on examinations held within the
country (Obe, 1992).
The problems
of examination fraud to the growth and development of our educational sector
are enormous. The three of examination malpractices over the years, grown
gigantic satanic roots spreading its tentacles to even the most revealed of Nigeria
institutions and examination bodies.
The problem is not just associated with the lower examination bodies
like (WAEC, JAMB or NECO) it is not strange to the higher institutions such as
the medical examinations, the law school examinations and so on. The most
striking issues is that students of various beliefs and faiths, for example,
religious fanatics who belong to Muslim or Christian religious are often times
found to be victims of this moral misconduct called examination malpractice.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to investigate the influence of students attitudinal.
behaviours towards examination malpractice on their academic performance.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following research questions were posed to guide the conduct of this study.
i. To what extent can the problem of
examination malpractice be solved?
ii. How can we identify the culprits of
examination malpractice?
iii. How do we determine the extent of damages
examination malpractices has done to our educational system?
iv. To what extent does examination malpractice
affect the academic performance of students?
v. Who do we blame for examination
malpractice?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses were formulated and tested:
H1:
Students’ involvement in examination malpractice does not significantly affect
their academic performance in mathematics.
H2; There is
no significant difference between the involvement of male and female students
in examination malpractice.
H3: There is
no significant influence of students behaviour towards examination malpractice
on their academic performance in English language subject.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research work is going to assist in many ways in proffering solution to the
problem of examination malpractice in Nigeria and in Surulere Local Government
Area of Lagos State in particular for example. The solutions provided by this
study will go a long way in helping the government and the Ministry of Education
to tackle the problem of examination malpractice. This investigation will
enable students to understand the effect of examination malpractice n their
academic performance. Also the society will benefit from the investigation as
well as the solution proffered in this study. This work will help parents,
teachers and examination officers to know the dangers involved in aiding or
abetting their children or students to cheat in examinations.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study
will cover the causes, effects and solution to the examination malpractice in
the educational sector, especially in the Surulere Local Government Area of
Lagos State. This study has been limited in order to have an in depth study of
students behaviours towards examination malpractice on their academic
performance. This is because the issue of examination malpractice is national
phenomenon that cut across all the sectors of our educational sector in
Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
To make this
study understandable, all ambiguous words and terms are operationally defined
thus:
Examination
malpractice: This is misconduct or improper practice in any examination with a
view to obtaining good result through fraudulent names (Olayinka 1998).
Fraudulent:
The advanced learners dictionary defines fraudulent as something got or done by
deceiving or through deceit.
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