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A STUDY ON
THE IMPACT OF CHILD LABOUR ON SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of
Contents v
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study 1
Statement of
Problem 9
Research
Questions 11
Hypotheses
11
Purpose of
Study 12
Significance
of Study 13
Scope and
Delimitation of the Study 13
Definition
of Terms 14
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
Child Labour
15
Child Right
Acts 24
Family
Background 30
School
Attendance 36
Academic
Performance 45
CHAPTER
THREE: METHODOLOGY
Research
Design 53
Population
54
Sample and
Sampling Techniques 54
Research
Instrument 55
Validity of
Instrument 55
Reliability
of Instrument 55
Method of
Data Analysis 56
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Hypothesis 1
57
Hypothesis 2
58
Hypothesis 3
59
Hypothesis 4
60
Hypothesis 5
60
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 62
Findings 64
Conclusion
65
Recommendations
66
References
67
Appendix 69
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
In Nigeria,
the main instrument for social change is western education. Education is the
surest and greatest investment which a nation can depend on for the rapid
development of its economic and human resources. Education is a long term
measure and must be pursued when the nation is in dire need of immediate
restoration of balanced economy. Nigeria like other nations of the world wants
people who should contribute to the development of the nation through
education. Such education should be structured to produce knowledge and skills
to pursue cultural values and develop technologically.
UNICEF
(2006) reported that a huge 15 million children under the age of 14 are engaged
in one form of labour or the other in Nigeria. Majority of these children are
exposed to long hours of work under very dangerous and unhealthy environment.
Children
employed in public places and markets as street beggars and shoe shiners, car
washers and watchers, scavengers and feet washers in part of the country. In
Northern Nigeria, children that survive on street begging are called
“almajirai”. The rise in the state of child labour in the country could have
been a consequence of the demand for cheap labour and poverty.
Children
have always worked in Nigeria. The philosophy of most culture in Nigeria
encourages children to work with their families the learning skills they would
need as adults. But today, children are forced to work for their own and their
family’s survival. The money earned by a child’s family members has become a
significant part of poor families’ income. Child labour could lead to mass
drop-out from primary and secondary schools; involvement in crimes and drug
related habits; hamper human capital development and the potentials of
developing countries like Nigeria. There is a wide-spread belief that early
employment is destructive to children’s intellectual and physical development
especially that of young children.
International
Labour Organization (ILO) estimates in 1999 indicated that 24.2 percent of
children in Nigeria between the ages of 10 and 14 years work. The latter
situation could be responsible for the increasing rate of child trafficking in
Nigeria. Nigeria is a major source, destination and transit for trafficking of
children. Key source and destination countries of trafficking children from and
to Nigeria include Cameroun, Gabon, Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Togo. Nigeria
has been credited to have the highest number of children and women traffickers
in Africa.
Child labour
could affect both the ability to attend school and to benefit from schooling;
hence it is a big challenge to the attainment of the goals of Education For All
(EFA). When children are employed in one form of labour or the other, they tend
to drop out of schools.
Child
domestic labour in third-party households represents a major barrier to access
and completion of quality basic education in Nigeria.
UNICEF
(2006) reported that mostly working children neither have time, money, nor the
energy to go to school. There are about 6 million working children in Nigeria,
which is equally divided between boys and girls. Working children either do not
attend school or skip classes because about 1 million children are forced to
drop out of school due to poverty. Over 8 million children combine schooling
and work. These groups of children work in their spare time to pay education
fees, in this process they often skip classes due to demand in their work
places. Missing out on education makes it impossible to break the cycle of
poverty and exploitation and prevents children from having a better life and a
safer future.
There is
dearth of data on primary attendance rates in Nigeria. Though, a school
enrolment rate is a sign of the level of commitment to education. In Nigeria,
however, they do not always reflect a child’s participation in school.
In 1976, the
Universal Primary Education (UPE) was introduced throughout the country. It
should be noted however, that only tuition was free while parents and guardians
were responsible for the provision of books, uniform, seats, transport and
others. For the parents who could not provide such basic requirements, their
children and wards were forced into child labour because the requirements were
more financially involved than the tuition fees.
Also, the
Universal Basic Education (UBE) was introduced in 1999, the latter policy made
the first nine years of schooling free and compulsory for all Nigerian children
of school age. UBE is backed up by law which also stipulates free compulsory
and universal education when it is practical. The aim of the plan is to improve
the relevance, efficiency and quality of schools and to create programmes to
address the basic needs of normadic and out of school children, youth and adult
and vulnerable children generally.
Economic
depression which also let to economic and educational problems, unemployment,
mass retrenchment which gave rise to parents, inability to cater for the
children basic and educational needs made the children to engage in economic
activities (child labour) at the expense of schooling.
Learning
environments in schools are inhibitive and hostile to learning. They are
dehumanizing because of neglect at all levels with inadequate learning
facilities such as chairs, tables, desks, shortage of classrooms. All these may
be affecting the attitudes of children and parents towards learning, such that
if the government lacks the financial resources to take care of them, the
parents too are affected so they engage the children in economic activities.
Child labour
has continued to pose a significant problem in several parts of the world. The
Labour Act of 1974 prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15 in
commerce and industry and restricts labour performance by children to
home-based agricultural or domestic work.
Child labour
has both micro consequences for the child and her family, the macro
consequences for the nation and wider international community. Lack of skilled
workforce may lead to a state of perpetual backward and under-development. The
lack of human capital formation condemns a child to a generational cycle of
child labour.
The
literature is near unanimous on the positive role that rising adult education
level can play in reducing the child labour and enhancing child’s schooling.
This points to the need to devise comprehensive strategies that promote adult
education at all levels and social awareness and increase the enrolment rates
of their children.
Not all
types of labour are harmful to children if associated with a learning
environment in the home. It can provide training and discipline for the labour
market in adulthood. Nevertheless, the type of labour in which children are
involved can impose substantial harm to their physical and mental health.
The heavy
manual labour of agricultural activities could place physical and emotional
strain on the child worker. In urban areas, children may be engaged in street
vending, garbage collection and illegal occupation such as selling drugs and
prostitution.
Child labour
also has an adverse impact on education and future earning. Government and
non-governmental organization (NGOs) have tried a variety of laws and
interventions to reduce child labour. Some countries have enacted laws
prohibiting firms in their countries from employing children under the age of
fifteen (15). Organizations such as International Labour Organization (ILO),
World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations Children Education Fund
(UNICEF) have established conventions and encouraged nations to ratify them.
The most powerful and controversial super national institution to curb child
labour is the imposition of international labour standards but the world has
been slow to adopt them.
Some
countries have considered legislation and actions to curb child labour in
developing countries: beyond home legislation, the major instrument for
eradicating child labour is compulsory education. Policy makers and
multilateral institutions are praising the achievements of programmes of
conditional income transfer in reducing child labour and increasing the access
of children to education. This study seeks to examine the impact of child
labour on school attendance and academic performance.
Statement of
Problem
‘Education
for All’ movement is a global charge to provide quality basic education for all
children, youths and adults. The global commitment of education for all emerged
as a reaction to the increasing phenomenon of child labour, child trafficking,
child exploitation and child related abuses that tend to deprive children of
basic education and unassured future child labour is a major challenge in the
educational sector in Nigeria.
A well
organized educational system is a product of a certain factor in which
educational production exceed human requirement. This is where adequate
provision for job opportunities and others are catered for by the government.
Under this experience, child labour may probably be reduced.
The Nigerian
economy has been for a long depressed and inflation rate has also been high,
standard of living has been too low. There has been low investment, low
productivity, low income per capital, unemployment, under employment,
inter-tribal crisis which have probably led to child labour. Much of the recent
concern over child labour stems from the beliefs that it has a detrimental
effect on human capital formation.
The question
that comes to the researcher’s mind is how can these children be helped so that
they can benefit from government’s basic education policy.
Research
Questions
Is there
relationship between children’s family background and the incidence of child
labour?
Does child
labour participation influence children’s academic performance?
Does child
labour participation influence his/her participation in school attendance?
Does child
labour participation influence his/her participation in school extra curricular
activities?
Do the
results of the children who engage in child labour worse than those who do not?
Hypotheses
Ho1: There
is no significant relationship between students’ background and their
engagement in child labour.
Ho2: Child
labour participation will not significantly influence children’s academic
performance.
Ho3: Child
labour participation will not significantly influence school attendance.
Ho4: Child
labour participation will not significantly influence children participation in
school extra-curricular activities.
Ho5: There
is no significant difference in the result of students who engage in child
labour and those who do not.
Purpose of
Study
This study
examined the impact of child labour on school attendance and academic
performance of students in junior secondary school in some selected secondary
schools in Edo State. The study specifically examined the impact of child
labour on:
school
attendance
academic performance
students’
participation in the schools extra-curricular activities.
classroom
participation due to lateness, tiredness and tardiness, etc.
Significance
of Study
The various
organizations have continued to emphasize the need to stop child labour and
abuse but the economic situation in country has made this almost impossible.
The findings
from this study will contribute to a broader efforts most effectively targeted
on the work that is damaging to the children’s education or academic
development. It is to show the extent to which child labour affects the
children’s school attendance and their academic performance.
Scope and
Delimitation of the Study
This study
is designed for the junior secondary school (JSS) students in selected Local
Government Areas of Edo State. These are the children within the ages 10-15
years who according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) constitute
the child labour age group. It is to find out the impact of child labour on
their academic performance and school attendance.
Definition
of Terms
Child
Labour: this is when a child is used to do hard work at the expense of his/her
development and education.
Economic
Activities: these refer to the work children do to earn money such as selling,
hawking, bus conductors, form work, working at building sites bakeries,
restaurants, etc.
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