THE SUITABILITY OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE SPREAD IN NIGERIA INDUSTRIAL DISEASES AMONG PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN (1-5 YEARS)
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THE
SUITABILITY OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE SPREAD
IN NIGERIA INDUSTRIAL DISEASES AMONG PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN (1-5 YEARS)
Abstract
The paper
discussed the causes, the suitability of health education in the control of communicable disease spread in
Nigeria industrial diseases among
pre-school age children (1-5 years). It focuses on the pre-school age children
because of the existence of six killer diseases and the peculiarity of
children’s level of exposure to communicable diseases especially during the
outdoor game. Recommendations were made on management and control of
communicable diseases. These include public enlightenment, proper hygiene of
food, the environment and the general body.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Back Ground
of the study
School
health services are those services provided in schools by health educator;
nurses, physicians; dentist and other health related workers like guidance
counselors and social workers to health appraise, promote and protect the
health of pupils and that of the personnel.
Johnson
(1991) observed that school health services are procedures established to:
appraise the health status of pupils and school personnel, counsel pupils,
parents and others concerning appraisal findings, carryout follow-up services,
provide emergency care for injury or sudden illness,help prevent and control
communicable diseases and encourage the correction of remedial defects.
School
health services are designed to determine the physical and emotional status of
pupils, to prevent diseases and to secure the cooperation of parents and
pupils, for correcting defects and maintenance of health (Mshelia, 1999), in
contributing to the concept of school health services, Akinbile (1998) stated
that school health services contribute to those school activities directly
concerned with the present health status of the school child. Nwana (1988)
regretted that what is referred to as school health services in Nigeria may be
described as a farce while Kane (1997) noted that although special clinics were
established for the welfare of pre-school children, the same cannot be said of
the health of school children. Negligence of the school health services can be
attributed to the unfounded assumption by Nigerians that once a Nigerian child
attains school age
be becomes
immune to diseases. In Nigeria, Abiodum (1996) conducted a survey of 500 pupils
aged between five and fifteen years in a small rural community and seventy five
percent (75%) were found to suffer from mental morbidity, disturbances of
emotional and conduct disorder constituted sixty seven percent (67%) of the
total morbidity rate detected which made him to emphasize the need for a more
functional school health services. The most basic functional aspect of school
health services is the health appraisal of pupils. According to Freeman (1999),
health appraisal involves the continuous and close observation of the school
child and the teacher, while Turner, Bandall and Smith (1990) viewed health
appraisal of
pupils’
health as a means that ensures, professional advice to pupils and their
families on personal health as well as advice to the school on the adaptation
of the school programme to the needs of pupils. Health appraisal should include
dental inspection, screening tests for vision, hearing and speech, medical
examination, health history and teacher’s observations.
According to
Tahir (1997), the population of Nomads in Nigeria is 9.3 million and that, out
of the estimated population of 9.3 million nomadic people in Nigeria, 3.1
million are children of school age. In the view of Mshelia (1999), these
nomadic children of school age do not enjoy good health for a long period of
time because of the prevalence of numerous communicable disease, they suffer
from multiple infestations and infections. Consequently, the morbidity rate is
high among them and the major causes according to him are communicable diseases
resulting from poor environmental conditions. Malnutrition, injuries and lack
of general health supervision were also implicated in the high morbidity rate.
Mshelia (1999) further stated that if school health programmes in nomadic
primary schools were vigorously pursued, the incidence of high morbidity rate
among school pupils would have been minimized to the barest minimum.
From the
foregoing, the present study is designed to evaluate the school health
programme in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
1.1
Statement of the Problem
The health
of primary school pupils is a matter of universal concern as children are the
most precious assets any nation can have as their well-being reflects the
future of the nation. The school age is a period in which the child undergoes
rapid physical and mental development and this calls for a functional school
health programme if the overall development of the child is to be achieved.
Experts have revealed that nomadic primary school pupils at various times have
suffered from communicable diseases, infections, injuries leading to death as a
result of tetanus infection, dental
caries,
rashes, ill equipped first aid boxes for emergency care, reported cases of
epidemics resulting from poor environmental conditions. Nomadic school pupils
have not shown a high level of positive healthful practices and attitudes,
which school health service is aimed to achieve.
ISSN Mshelia
(1999) asserted that the life expectancy of nomadic children is low due to high
death rates, as they do not enjoy good health for a long period of time because
of the prevalence of numerous communicable diseases. But if school health
programmes in nomadic primary schools are
adequately
provided for and vigorously pursued, absenteeism in schools as well as high
morbidity rates among pupils of nomadic primary schools would be minimized if
not completely eradicated. However, from the foregoing, this study is set to
evaluate the school health services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern
Nigeria.
1.2
Objectives of the study
To create an
environment in which countries and their international and national partners
are better equipped, both technically and institutionally, to reduce morbidity
death and disability through the control, eradication or elimination of these
diseases as appropriate.
To upgrade
health education in Nigeria
1.3
Significance of the Study
Since the
establishment of the National Commission for Nomadic Education, available
records show that the school health services component of the organization
programme of activities has not been evaluated. It is envisaged therefore, that
the outcome of this study will bring to light areas in the school health
services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria that need
intervention from the stakeholders (Federal, State, Local Government and
Nomadic Communities) to improve on areas where there are lapses for a better
school health services.
The outcome
of the study would also serve as a source of reference material to people who
may be interested in similar areas of study in future.
1.4Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:
Health
appraisal is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools
in
Southwestern
Nigeria.
Health
guidance and counseling is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic
primary
schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
Follow-up
services are not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools
in
Southwestern Nigeria.
Emergency
care and first aid is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary
schools in
Southwestern Nigeria.
Control of
communicable diseases is not significantly carried out in nomadic primary
schools in
Southwestern Nigeria
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Does good
health in Nigeria lead to effective crisis management in Owerri West.
Is it proper
to invite a third party in setting crisis in Owerri West.
What are the
roles of staff motivation towards crisis management
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