INFLUENCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS
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INFLUENCE OF
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN
MATHEMATICS
ABSTRACT
The aim of
this work is to investigate the influence of instructional materials to the
academic performance of secondary school students in Mathematics in Oyo State.
The population for the study comprised of all Secondary School Class II
students from among which 180 were sampled. The instrument for the study is a
30 multiple-choice self- designed Mathematics Achievement Test (PHEAT).The
instrument was validated by specialists in Mathematics Test and Measurement and
Educational Management. Test-re- test method and estimation of internal
consistency was used to ascertain the reliability. The reliability coefficients
of 0.73 and 0.75 were obtained respectively. The study generated four
hypotheses that were tested at the significance level of 0.05. ANOVA and ANCOVA
statistical tools were used to analyse the data collected. The study found that
there was a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of students in
the experimental group. The study also found that gender effect was not
statistically significant in Mathematics. The study concluded that students who
were taught with instructional materials performed better than those taught
without. The study therefore recommended that teachers of Mathematics should
employ the use of essential instructional materials for their teaching and also
improvise where and when the materials are not available. It therefore becomes
imperative to have concerted efforts among parents, school and the government
to make available important and necessary instructional materials to teachers
of Mathematics for enhanced teaching and consequents improved achievement of
students in the subject.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Instructional
materials according to Emma and Ajayi (2004) are those things which help
teaching and learning process. It helps to promote understanding of the concept
and generalization by making lesson practical and realistic. Any teacher who
has the interest of the student at heart is bound to think of the ways and
means he will employ to make his teaching and learning process moiré effective
and more interesting to the student.
Health on
the other hand, is been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2004)
“as a state of complete, physical, mental and social well being not merely the
absent of disease or infirmity.
According to
Odue (2011), Mathematics is a process of acquiring health information to make
judgment on health behaviour and practices. Mathematics is sum of all
experiences that will develop desirable attitudes, practices and knowledge of
an individual, family of community health. The emphasis in Mathematics also
includes a teaching and learning transaction between the health teachers and
the recipient or student. According to Adeniyi (2000), the effect of
instructional materials is to communicate more permanently, health related
issues, and information is retained when supplemented with aid. Certainly
instructional materials when carefully selected and skilfully used will make
learning more effective. Therefore it becomes necessary to investigate the
importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Mathematics
.Using Oyo state as the case study.
However, man
and animal possess the necessary abilities for learning. In other words they
are potential learners. Certain factors within and outside the learner
determine how effectively each individual learn. They are internal when they
lie within the individual and external when they lie outside the learner or
individual as the case may be.
Instructional
materials can be in different forms such as textual and non-textual, the visual
the auditory and audio-visual. Witwoth and Benson (2003), indicate that there
is a need for research on the use and effectiveness of instructional materials
in Mathematics classroom that would enhances its teaching. With these concerns
in mind and the educational development in OyoState. The current study is
carried out to address the issues of the effect of instructional materials in
Mathematics teaching in the schools.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The effect
of instructional materials in Mathematics instructions has been widely
researched but many questions are still remains unanswered. The needs for
exploring locally available materials as an alternative for the grossly
unavailable materials in our schools, resourcefulness of the teacher must be in
line with the learners’ curriculum and environment so that classroom teaching
does not have to be retarded by lack of funds.
Hence,
government must strive to develop her local technology in all its
ramifications, since Mathematics is interested in providing solutions to man’s
problems holistically. Many writers in Mathematics have pointed out the grossly
unavailability of instructional materials coupled with teachers attitude
towards the utilization during classroom teaching-learning situations.
The problems
are that; instructional materials not available in our schools, teachers are
not improvising and reluctant in using them. Thus, in this research attempt
would be made to:
Identify
various secondary schools in Oyo State that required instructional materials.
Identify
instructional materials needed for effective teaching and learning of
Mathematics in secondary school.
Identify
instructional materials available in secondary school in Oyo State.
Identify how
the effect of instructional materials like chalkboard, funnel board, model real
things, overhead projector, tape recorders, radio, television etc. affect the
performance of students in secondary school in Oyo State.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose
of the study is;
To identify
how frequently Mathematics teacher utilizes instructional materials during
Mathematics lessons.
To identify
problem associated with these of instructional materials in Mathematics
instruction.
To identify
reason why the teacher do not use instructional materials.
To identify
the benefits of instructional materials to the student.
To identify
suggested solutions to the problem of instructional materials.
1.4 Research Questions
The
following research questions were formulated to guide the study.
How
frequently do Mathematics teachers utilize instructional materials during
Mathematics lesson?
What are the
problems associated with the effect of instructional materials in Mathematics
instruction?
What are the
reasons why the teachers do not use instructional materials?
What are the
benefits of instructional materials to the students?
What are the
suggested solutions to the problems?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were generated for the study:
The
achievement mean scores of students will not be significantly different in the
experimental and control groups
The
achievement mean scores of male students will not be significantly different in
the experimental and control groups.
The
achievement mean scores of female students will not be significantly different
in the experimental and control groups.
The achievement
of students in Social Studies will not be significantly different based on
gender.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The
significance of the study is to identify the importance of instructional
materials in teaching and learning of Mathematics and how both the teacher and
the learner can manipulate the instructional materials to achieve maximum
learning objectives.
The study
would be a great importance to the ministry of education and the Edo State
Government and society at large. It will certainly help the ministry too to
identify the basic instructional materials for teaching and learning of
Mathematics. This is equally of great importance to the students in Oyo, since
it will help them to identify the instructional materials that are lacking in
their school and make necessary provision for them.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of
the study covers the use and effect of instructional materials in teaching
Mathematics in Oyo State.
It is the
desire of the researcher to go round some selected primary and post primary
school in Oyo State to make some observation of the effect of instructional
materials by the teachers and learners to effect the teaching and learning
situation.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Instructional
materials: Things that help teaching and learning process to be more effective
and efficient.
Health: As a
complete state of physical, mental social wellbeing not merely the absence of
disease.
Education:
Process of requiring information, instruction, knowledge and skills that brings
about attitudinal change in the behaviour of an individual.
Performance:
The process of accessing the student behavioural change through process of
asking question.
Utilize:
Making the effect of instructional materials on the individual.
Audios:
These are teaching aids which appeal to sense of hearing.
Audio-Visual:
These are instructional materials that can be used to assist teaching and
learning via the sense of sight and hearing.
1.9 Justification of Study
Learning is
more meaningful to the child through the the effect of instructional materials.
Teachers who
use instructional materials are more effective in their teaching than those who
do not make the effect of instructional materials.
Instructional
materials are so expensive and difficult to make.
A lot of
teachers teach in abstraction.
It is the
duty of the ministry of education to supply or provide instructional materials
to school.
It is only
the student in training that makes the effect of the instructional materials in
order to pass their examination.
Enough
instructional materials are not being used in primary and post primary school
in Oyo State.
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