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THE DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SPIRIT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study
was carried out to explore the determinants of entrepreneurship spirit among
undergraduate students in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, six research
questions and three research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The
data was collected from primary sources. The primary data were collected with
the help of a well-structured questionnaire of two sections administered to the
students in the selected Universities in Nigeria. The collected data were
analyzed with tables and simple percentages to analyze the research questions
while product moment correlation coefficient statistical tools were used to
test research hypotheses. The study reveals that there is a strong relationship
between student’s participation in the entrepreneurship programme, there is a
strong relationship between tertiary institution encouragement and
entrepreneurial intention and there exists a strong relationship between
entrepreneurship programme and the attitudes of Nigerian undergraduates to
become self-employed in Nigeria. The study concluded with some recommendations
that entrepreneurship education should be inculcated into the school’s
curriculum to promote human empowerment and development through entrepreneurial
skill acquisition. It is a means of reducing unemployment since it is skilled
oriented and employment motivated. All school programmes should be geared
toward providing entrepreneurial skill. Entrepreneurship Spirit
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In Nigeria
today the rate of joblessness is on the increase; because of lack of provision
of jobs by the federal government of Nigeria. Entrepreneurship programmes have
really tried recently to encourage undergraduate to cultivate the spirit of entrepreneurship
while still in school.
The essence
of the introduction of the entrepreneurship programmes in most tertiary
institutions is to give the undergraduate the necessary knowledge background of
the importance of being an entrepreneur.
According to
(baudear, 1910); he defined entrepreneurship as an innovative management.
Cantillion (1965) described it as self-employment accompanied with uncertainty
in returns; Kao (1993) extended the definition to include the process of wealth
and value creation. There are so many definition as regard the research topic;
according to Schumpeter (1934) he
considered the entrepreneur to be an innovator who carried out new
combinations; say (1964) and Knight, (1921) were of the view that he was an
extraordinary manager with Say considering him a highly talented manager and
Knight described him as a managerial risk-taker.
Marshal
(1964) drew a distinction between an entrepreneur and a manager. In more recent
times Drucker (1985) called him an opportunity maximizer. Recent literature on
the entrepreneur can be grouped into the descriptive and the prescriptive
approaches, the traits model and the social development model. Under the
descriptive approach, an entrepreneur is defined by describing the
characteristics or attributes that he possess. Some of the attributes in the
literature include the internal locus of control Rotter (1966), a high need for
achievement McClelland (1961); Brockhaus, (1980), Clayton (1981) and possession
of vision and a sense of mission (Silver, 1986, 1988). Flexibility, imagination
and a willingness to take risks were added to the growing list of attribute by
Stevenson and Gumpert (1985) form their study. A total of eleven common
characteristics were identified in independent studies by Baumback (1981),
Welsh and Young (1984), and Welsh and White (1983): namely: good health,
realism, superior conceptual ability, self confidence, a need to control or
direct (internal locus of control), attraction to challenges, sufficient
emotional stability, self – control, initiative, balance and control and
enterprises (self –reliant attitude supported by confidence in one’s ability to
take risks). Sexton and Bowman (1985) study showed the entrepreneur to be
tolerant of ambiguity, preferring autonomy, aloof, enjoying risk – taking,
resists conformity and readily adapting to changes. Another recent study found
entrepreneurs starting larger firms tend to have more education, more
management experience and objectives that were more entrepreneurial in nature (
cooper, A. C. et al, 1989). Yee (1992) study supported the risk- taking
attitude first presented by earlier studies an entrepreneur is an incubator of
novel ideas who is distinguished from the run- of-mill small business sense,
innovativeness and the willingness to take risks.
The
prescriptive approach sought to prescribe what an entrepreneur should be, and
not the characteristics of an entrepreneur, Jean Baptize Say (1762 – 1832), for example prescribed
that an entrepreneur must have judgment, perseverance and a knowledge of the
world as well as of business.; and must possess the art of superintendence and
administration. Richard Cantillon suggested that an entrepreneur needs to have
the foresight and willingness to assume risks and take the necessary action to
seize profitable opportunities in the market place. Moussair (1988) stated in
his (unpublished) Ph.D. thesis that an entrepreneur must have the ability to
communicate effectively. Duncan emphasized the need for an entrepreneur should
also have the relevant skills for identifying a market niche and developing a
venture for that niche as a key ingredient for business success ( Duncan,
1991). Chan and Sobey (1993) stated that a person must have the ability to
perceive and evaluate opportunities in a global perspective to be effective as
an entrepreneur in the 21st Century. The traits model sought to identify a single
personality trait or constellation of traits capable of successfully predicting
entrepreneurial behaviour patterns. The best known trait is the “ Need
Achievement” (nAch) associated with McClelland (1961). Another single trait
approach is one which attempts to measure ‘locus of control or the extent to
which people believe that they control their own destinies.
Gibb and
Ritchie (1981) argued that the traditional view, that entrepreneurs were born
and not made, largely ignored environmental influences. They proposed a social
development model, suggesting that “entrepreneurship can be fully understood in
terms of the types of situation encountered and the social groups to which
individuals relate.” A fourfold typology (the Improvisers, the Revisionists, the
Superceders and the Reverters) spanning the life cycle and suggesting certain
key influences at each stage was proposed. It has been argued by some
psychologists, notably Sheehy (1976), that there are particular turning points
throughout the course of the life cycle, where individuals work through
personal transitions in order to satisfy and reconcile their own changed goals,
needs and ambitions with the opportunities, circumstances and situations which
they currently find themselves in. Despite some early acceptance, recent
criticisms have been cast on the validity of both approaches. There have been
subjectivity and lack of consistency with regard to measurement of the traits.
Training designed to raise levels of nAch has been said to influence only surface
behaviour and usually results in temporary effects. The social development
model has been criticized as being an entirely situational model, which loses
sight of the individual. Further, it dose not explain more than the
“traditional” view that it was critical of and is equally guilty of not being
able to predict who is likely to succeed as an entrepreneur.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Over the
past decades, due to constant internal and external pressures of low capacity
production, massive unemployment and poverty , collapsed infrastructural
facilities, poor governance structure, massive corruption, insecurity of life
and property, political instability and poor macroeconomic management. The
economy seems to have lost its focus and thus is yearning for quick
intervention. The oil boom has destroyed and distorted our attitude to work
(resource course) and this has affected the psychological quotient of an
average Nigerian who prefers to avoid investments that require special
expertise and innovation. Inaddition, the school curriculum is largely not
geared towards equipping students with skills required for self-employment.
Consequently, thousands of graduates from our tertiary institutions are roaming
the streets in search of jobs that are non -existent. Nigeria is blessed with
abundant human and natural resources which if properly harnessed would have
turned this country into a developed economy. But given the massive corruption,
lack of commitment, the dominant role of the public sector in the economic life
of the nation, the country has lost opportunities for growth and sustainable
development.
1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTION
1. What are
the problem facing the devolpment of entrepreneurship in Nigeria?
2. Does the
school have any significant effect on students participation in the
entrepreneurship programme?
3. What are
the plans of the entrepreneural intention towards the Nigerian undergraduates?
4. Does the
tertiary institution encourge their students to become self employed?
5. what is
the role of entrepreneurship programme on the attitudes of Nigerian
undergraduates towards becoming self employed?
6. Is there
any need for entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria?
1.4 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
Ho: there is
no significant relationship between attitude and entrepreneurial intention.
H1: there is
a significant relationship between attitude and entrepreneurial
intention.Entrepreneurship Spirit
Ho: there is
no significant relationship between tertiary institution encouragement and entrepreneurial intention.
H1: there is
a significant relationship between tertiary institution encouragement and entrepreneurial
intention.Entrepreneurship Spirit
Ho: there is
no significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and
entrepreneurial intention
H1: there is
a significant relationship between entrepreneurship education and
entrepreneurial intention
1.5 AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aims of
the research work is to determine:
1. The
problem facing the devolpment of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
2. if the
school have any significant effect on students participation in the
entrepreneurship programme.
3. The plans
of the entrepreneural intention towards the Nigerian undergraduates.
4. If the
tertiary institution encourge their students to become self
employed.Entrepreneurship Spirit
5. The role
of entrepreneurship programme on the attitudes of Nigerian undergraduates
towards becoming self employed.Entrepreneurship Spirit
6. The need
for entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria
1.6
SIGINIFICANCE OF STUDY
The research
work is an important one as it will discuss the effect of schools on students
participation in the entrepreneurship programme, the study will aslo reveal the
factor affecting entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. finally the study
will discuss the role played by education and teaching variables in the
development of perceptions about the desirability and feasibility of entrepreneurial
behaviour.
1.7 SCOPE OF
STUDY
The research
work focus the role of the schools, entrepreneurship programmes in exploring
the determinants of entrepreneurship spirit among undergraduates inNigeria.
1.8
LIMITATION OF STUDY
FINANCIAL
CONSTRAINTS: The researcher was not with sufficient funds; which made him or
her not to be able to visit most of the schools in Nigeria and also not to be
able to buy all the necessary materials but he or she was able to get
meaningful information concerning the reseach topic.
TIME
CONSTRAINTS: The research being a student was left with limited time beause of
his or her involvement in other depoartmental activities; like presentation of
seminars, and other departmental assignment but the researcher was able to meet
up with the time allocated for the completion of the research
work.Entrepreneurship Spirit
1.9
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ENTREPRENEUR:
an entrepreneur is a person who creates a new business in the face of risk and
uncertainty for the purpose of achieving profits and growth by identifying
opportunities and assembling the necessary resources to capitalize on them
Zimmerer and Scarborough (2002).Entrepreneurship Spirit
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
SPIRIT: is a kind of gift that inspires and motivate someone
without any other external factors others to become the best they can be. From
passion and positivity to leadership and ambition, here are theentrepreneurs
that best define the entrepreneurial spirit.Entrepreneurship Spirit
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