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THE
INFLUENCE OF PARENT-CHILD BONDING ON SOCIAL ORIENTATION OF ADOLESCENTS
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the influence of parent-child bonding on social orientation of
children in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. In this study, an
extensive and relevant literature was reviewed under related sub-headings. The
descriptive research survey design was applied in this study in order to assess
the opinions of the selected respondents with the use of the questionnaire and
the sampling technique. Also, a total of 120 (one hundred and twenty)
respondents were selected and used in this study. Four null hypotheses were
formulated and tested in this study, with the use of the independent t-test and
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical tools at 0.05 level of
significance to determine the two variables in the study. At the end of the
analysis, the following results emerged:
1. Parent-child bonding significantly
influence social orientation of children.
2. Ethnic differences in parent-child
bonding significantly influence adolescents’ social orientation in the society.
3. There is no significant impact of religion
on parent-child bonding.
4. There is no significant difference
of socio-economic status in parent-child bonding on adolescent’s social
orientation of adolescents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Introduction/Background
to the Study
Human beings
are social creatures that choose to live among others of their kind. Gradually,
beginning in infancy, humans acquire the behaviours and concepts that fit them
for group life. This process known as socialization, occurs naturally as
parents and others guide the young ones toward the behaviours, values, goals
and motives that the society deems appropriate (Harlows, 2000). According to
Levine (2003), young animals, including man, often form strong attachments to
their man soon after birth. The bond ensures that offsprings will remain nearby
so that they may be nurtured and protected, and taught to behave adaptively.
Once a
fundamental attachment is established, the parent is apt to do more talking,
rocking and holding. This responsive social stimulation increases the
youngster’s eye contact, babbling and smiling, thereby binding parent and child
even more tightly (Yarrow, 2002). But the progress of true maturity may be
measured in part by an individual’s growing awareness of and interest in, other
persons, together with an appreciation of their rights and desires and a
willingness to subordinate personal wishes to the greater good of the greater
number (Yarrow, 2002). Expanding the child’s social consciousness as he moves
toward maturity is an important training problem. The outcome represents the
difference between a “spoilt, disagreeable, poorly adjusted child and a likable
youngster who is finding acceptable social adjustments”.
A child who
is born into a warm environment as well as peaceful and loving parents, is more
likely to grow up happily, showing love to others, especially his/her peers at
school or at home. Whereas an unwanted child who starts to experience
frustration and rejection at the early age through the attitudes of his or her
parents and other adults around his environment, is more likely to grow up as
an unhappy child. By the time the child matures into an adolescents, the
character is made up from his childhood experiences. This is because, most
children do not relate well with their parents due to the negative and
frustrating attitudes of their parents. Most parents treat their children badly
and their ways of behaviour does not promote cordial relationship between them
and their children. However, it is mainly at the adolescent stage that parents
begin to notice deviant behaviours in the child when he or she fails to meet up
with their expectations, without thinking of the background they have provided
for the child’s development (Adindu, 2005).
Bernhardt
(2004) believes that lack of good and healthy relationship between parents and
their children brings about social awkwardness, which makes him (the
adolescent) sometimes to be loud and noisy, tending to show off, swings quickly
from one mood to another, occasionally reverts to childish behaviour, and has
period of rebellion to authorities of both parents and adult members of the
society. All these and other similar patterns of behaviour of the adolescent
may be trying to parents, difficult to understand and accept.
According to
Adamson (2003) constant criticism of the child, nagging at him, or punishment
are more likely to make him worse in behaviour. Children of nagging and
punishing parents, produce children who are aggressive, wicked, disobedient and
negatively adjusted to the norms and values of the community where they live.
The resultant effect is that these children reared in an unconducive parental
environment grow up to transfer aggression to other children in their
surroundings or the school.
1.1 Theoretical Background to the Study
Basically,
parents from different cultures, sub-cultures, and social classes have
different values, concerns and beliefs on life that influence their
childbearing practices. The modern theories in developmental psychology
conceive the interaction between the caregiver and the child as crucial to all
psychological growth. A child’s parents and the emotional atmosphere of the
home greatly influence the kind of person the infant will become. During the
early years, parental attitudes towards the infant are critical.
Cross-culturally, these episodes of face-to-face play are a universal feature
of the early interaction between caregivers (parents) and infants. However, the
frequency, duration, and goals of these episodes differ among cultures. For
example, United States mothers employ more social overtures (such as tickling)
that stimulates and excites their babies; mothers in Kenya are more soothing
and quieting in their initiatives (Vine et al, 1994); while Japanese mothers
typically, focus on establishing mutual intimacy by maintaining eye with their
infants as well as kissing and hugging (Bornstein and Lambs, 2002). Fathers
seem to be active partners, and older siblings and other adults also assume
active role in infant care and participate in social play with babies in many
non-western cultures (Thonick, 1999).
Bowlby
(1990) theorized that attachment is the affectionate bond between infant and
caregivers and is vital component of healthy functioning. Bowlby (1990)
believes that every child, like the young of other animal species, is endowed
with a set of built-in behaviours (e.g. smiling, grasping, crying, gazing) that
help to keep the parent nearby and thereby increase the chances that the child
will be protected from danger. Contact with the parent also, ensures that the
baby will be fed, but Bowlby was careful to point out that feeding is not the
basis for attachment. Instead, the attachment bond has strong biological roots,
can best be understood within an evolutionary framework in which the survival
of the species is of utmost importance.
1.2Statement
of Problem
A child who
is born into a warm environment as well as peaceful and loving parents, is more
likely to grow up happily, showing love to others, especially his/her peers at
school or at home. Whereas an unwanted child who starts to experience
frustration and rejection at the early age through the attitudes of his or her
parents and other adults around his environment, is more likely to grow up as
an unhappy child. By the time the child matures into an adolescents, the
character is made up from his childhood experiences. This is because, most
children do not relate well with their parents due to the negative and frustrating
attitudes of their parents. Most parents treat their children badly and their
ways of behaviour does not promote cordial relationship between them and their
children. However, it is mainly at the adolescent stage that parents begin to
notice deviant behaviours in the child when he or she fails to meet up with
their expectations, without thinking of the background they have provided for
the child’s development.
Lack of good
and healthy relationship between parents and their children brings about social
awkwardness, which makes him (the adolescent) sometimes to be loud and noisy,
tending to show off, swings quickly from one mood to another, occasionally
reverts to childish behaviour, and has period of rebellion to authorities of
both parents and adult members of the society. All these and other similar
patterns of behaviour of the adolescent may be trying to parents, difficult to
understand and accept.
1.3Purpose
of Study
The
objectives of this study include:
1. To find out whether the parent-child
bonding influences children’s social orientation in the community.
2. To examine whether ethnicity affects
parent-child bonding and adolescent’s social orientation.
3. To assess whether religion
influences parent-child bonding on adolescent’s social orientation.
4. To find out whether socio-economic
status influences parent-child bonding on adolescent’s social orientation.
1.4Research
Questions
The
following research questions were raised in this study:
1. Does parent-child bonding influence
children’s social orientation?
2. Does ethnicity affect parent-child
bonding and adolescent’s social orientation?
3. Does religion influence parent-child
bonding and adolescent’s social orientation?
5. To what extent does socio-economic
status influence parent-child bonding and adolescent’s social orientation?
1.5Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were formulated for testing in this study:
1. Parent-child bonding does not
significantly influence social adjustment of adolescents in the society.
2. Ethnic difference in parent-child
bonding will not significantly influence adolescent’s social orientation.
3. There will be no significant impact
of religion on parent-child bonding.
4. There will be no difference of
socio-economic status in parent-child bonding on adolescent’s social
orientation.
1.6Significance
of the Study
This study
will be beneficial to the following individuals:
1. Parents would benefit from the
study, because the recommendations and the findings will be an eye-opener to
their previous perceptions of the way they rear their children in the
community.
2. Adolescents would also benefit from
this study because it will enable them to understand the best way to be
attached to their parents. This study will help adolescents to understand that
they should relate well with their parents, and should always ensure that they
remain attached to their parents. Not only that, this study will expose all the
styles parents have been using to rear their children in the family and how
they are faired in the proper up-bringing of the child in the home.
3. Society – The society, the up-coming
researchers, the students etc, would, through this study, be abreast with the
fact that there is need for parent-child relationship which augurs well for the
social orientation of the child in the society.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study
examined the influence of parent-child bonding on the social orientation of
adolescents in Lagos metropolis.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Operational
terms were defined in this study in the following ways:
(1) Parent-Child Bonding: This is a term
which expresses the relationship or attachment between parents and their
children. Often times, parents do not have the closeness or good relationship
between them and their children. Children with good or positive parent-child
attachment, are usually good members of a given society, while those with
without good or positive parent-child attachment are usually children with
negative social adjustment in the society.
(2) Social Orientation: This is a term that
refers the social behaviour or character of a particular individual child in a
community. This is the totality of an individuals attitude or behaviour in
his/her society.
(3) Adolescence: This is a period of life
from puberty to adulthood (roughly ages between 12 – 20) characterized by
marked physiological changes, development of sexual feelings, efforts towards
the construction of identity, and a progression from concrete to abstract
thought. It is a transitional state during which youths begin to separate
themselves from their parents.
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