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THE
INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
of the Study
Alcohol is a
psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect.
People have been brewing and fermenting alcoholic drinks since the dawn
of civilization. Consumed in moderate
amount, alcoholic beverages are relaxing and in some cases may even have
beneficial effects in heart, health, consumed in excess alcohol is poisonous to
human systems and is considered a drug. When people take (drink) alcohol, it is
absorbed into their bloodstream. It
affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), which controls
virtually all body functions. The
immediate physical effects of drinking alcohol range from mild mood changes to
complete los of co-ordination, vision, balance and speech, any which can be
signals of acute alcohol intoxication or drunkenness. These effects usually wear-off in a matter of
hours after a person stops drinking (American Journal of Addiction, 2003).
The word
‘alcohol’ probably has its origin in Arabic meaning ‘a fine dust’ or
‘essence’. There are four main types of
alcohol:
METHYL
ALCOHOL - CH3 OH
ETHYL
ALCOHOL - C2 H5 OH
PROPHL
ALCOHOL - C3 H7 OH
BUTYL
ALCOHOL - C4 H9 OH
ETHYL
Alcohol is the one that is the spirit in intoxicating drinks, and its
concentration ranges from 4 to 59%.
Alcohol has very valuable antiseptic properties, and when used outside
the body is very useful chemical (A guide to family health, 1983).
An alcohol
beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three
general classes: Beers, Wines and
Spirits. They are legally consumed in
most countries, and over one hundred countries have laws regulating their production,
sale and consumption. In particular,
such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink
them. This minimum age varies between
sixteen and twenty-five years, depending upon the country and the type of
drink. Most nations set it at eighteen
years of age (International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved 2009: Minimum age limit worldwide). The production and consumption of alcohol
occurs in most cultures of the world, from hunter-gatherer peoples to
nation-states (Arnold, 2005). Alcoholic
beverages are often an important part of social events in this cultures
(European Beer Guide, 2006).
According to
WHO (2012), in many parts of the world, drinking alcoholic beverages is a
common feature of social gatherings.
Nevertheless, the consumption of alcohol carries a risk of adverse
health and social consequences related to its intoxicating, toxic and
dependence – producing properties. In
addition to the chronic diseases that may develop in those who drink large
amounts of alcohol over a number of years, alcohol U.K. is also associated with
an increased risk of acute health conditions such as injuries, including from
traffic accidents.
There is a
general believe that alcohol performs a number of services that have become
almost indispensible to modern society and living. In as much as alcohol is a reliable means for
social integration, as well as symbol of social solidarity and also lubricant
for social intercourse during which it provides the much needed atmosphere for
the exchange of ideas, information and discussion of politics, the ills or
detriment of excessive alcohol intake cannot be ignored or overlooked.
Historically
doctors have promoted alcohol for its perceived health benefits and most
recently for protection against coronary heart disease. There is evidence of cardiovascular benefits
from drinking one to two drinks per day; however, the health benefits from
moderate intake of alcohol are controversial.
Alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug with potentially
serious adverse effects on health and it is not recommended for
cardio-protection in the place of safer and proven traditional methods such as
exercise and proper nutrition (Sunkiewic & Welglarz, 2009). Larger amounts of blood alcohol can impair
brain function and eventually cause unconsciousness. An extreme overdose of alcohol poisoning can
be fatal. Alcohol taken in excess can
depress brain activities to the point where memory muscular co-ordination and
balance can be disturbed hence the reason for concern as regards this situation
amongst students with emphasis on University of Benin students.
Purposeful
production of alcoholic beverages is common in many cultures and often reflects
their cultural and religious peculiarities as much as their geographical and
sociological conditions. The discovery
of late Stone Age beer jugs has established the fact that purposely fermented
beverages existed at least as early as C. 10,000 B.C. (Patrick, 1952).
Alcohol is
used by certain persons for several reasons, based on several factors. Its use is related to factors ranging from
emotional, social, religious, physical, to psychological. Some of the reasons why people take alcohol
therefore includes:
· To quench thirst
· To promote sleep
· To spice up social gathering
· To improve appetite
· To kill anxiety
· Influence from other people
· To relieve pains
Other
reasons such as curiosity or wanting to be part of the group. Some drink because it makes them feel better
or older or because it gives them certain image among friends. Some people need
to be drunk everyday just to get through the day, because they are dependent on
alcohol. But in this study our focus is on male and female students of the
University of Benin.
Statement of
the Problem
It is
interesting to know that excessive intake of alcohol is detrimental to the
health and wellbeing of an individual, and students who are supposed to be
enlightened still indulge in drinking alcohol excessively. This brings to mind the need to know why this
is so, hence the reason for this research.
The consequences and effects of excessive alcohol intake is too high and
this the researcher hopes to find out in this study.
Research
Questions
1. Is excessive intake of alcohol responsible
for deviant behaviours amongst students?
2. Is alcohol responsible for student’s poor
academic performances?
3. Is the intake of alcohol influenced by
home problem?
4. Do alcohol influenced by peer group
loyalty?
5. Is alcohol responsible for student’s
improved state of mind?
6. Is the excessive intake of alcohol by
students induced by the desire to eliminate fear?
Purpose of
the Study
The major
aim for this study is to find out the influence of excessive intake of alcohol
and its consequences on the health and wellbeing of the students of
UNIBEN. To point out the effects of
excessive intake of alcohol on the students, and how it affects them academically,
physically and otherwise.
Significance
of the Study
The study
centers on the effects, consequences and factors influencing excessive intake
of alcohol amongst UNIBEN students while still in school or on campus. To enable us discover these reasons and
effects so that they can be addressed and dealt with to avoid the hazard or
disadvantages it brings to students and the educational system as a whole, due
to the fact that alcohol affects the brain and performance of students.
Delimitation/Scope
of the Study
This study
was delimited to the male and female students of the Faculty of Education and
Social Science, University of Benin, Benin City.
Limitation
of the Study
Difficulty
in getting current or recent materials related to this study. Students nonchalant attitude and biased
response while sharing and collecting the questionnaire.
Definition
of Terms
Alcohol: According to new Oxford Advanced Learners
Dictionary, it is the clear liquid that is found in drinks such as beer, wine,
etc. and is used in medicines, clearing products, etc.
Alcoholics: A person who regularly drinks too much
alcohol or suffers from a physical disorder caused by this.
Ferment: To experience a clinical change because of
the action of yeast, or bacteria, often changing sugar to alcohol; to make
something change in this way. Sugar is
converted with alcohol by a process of fermentation.
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