PERCEIVED EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL TOOLS ON STUDENT ATHLETES PERFORMANCE IN SOME SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
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PERCEIVED EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONAL TOOLS ON STUDENT ATHLETES PERFORMANCE IN SOME SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
ABSTRACT
The purpose
of the study was to examine the perceived effect of motivational tools on
student-athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos
state. A total of one hundred and twenty respondents were selected from two
tertiary institutions in Lagos state using a stratified random sampling
technique to select sixty student-athletes from Lagos state university and
university of Lagos. The study adopted a
descriptive research design and the instrument used for data collection was a
self-structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using simple
percentage and chi-square (x2) 0.05 level of significance. Two hypotheses were
stated and both were rejected. The findings revealed the following: Financial
incentives have significant effect on student-athletes performance in Lagos
state tertiary institutions. Non-financial incentives have significant effect
on student-athletes performance in Lagos state tertiary institutions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Sport is a
formalized phase of play and games. It is an organized, competitive,
entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy and fair
play, in which a winner or loser can be defined by objective means (Harper,
2008). Sport is an incredibly important contributor to human nature in our
society. It has developed to become a powerful political and social tool used
for the advancement of societies around the world. Sport at any level will
replace the necessary competitive edge in an individual and kindle the fire of
dedication and hard work.
Sport in
educational institutions is one of the oldest traditions in higher education.
To this day, most institutions of higher education have intercollegiate sport
programmes which means that a large number of students–athletes exist on
campuses (Michael and Nancy, 2004).
Many developing countries in which Nigeria is one, have been relatively
successful in international sports. Nigeria’s success is notable in various
international sports and this makes it imperative for the country to start
thinking about how to improve and sustain the performance of her athletes for
continued success right from the tertiary institutions. Biddel (2004) suggests that, athletes who
are well motivated are more likely to continue participating than those who are
not well motivated. He further stressed that, a highly motivated athlete would
be more eager to give a better performance than a lowly motivated one with same
skills. If an athlete is not in a
positive psychological state, mistakes will be made in the performance and
he/she will not perform at the best level (Woods, 2007).
The impacts
of tertiary institutions sport in Nigeria has come under increasing focus in
recent years especially when comparison is made between them and those in
United States of America, England, Australia, China etc where it is believed
that such institutions make constant research into sports performance of world
standard. However, the not too
impressive level and poor performance of student-athletes in Lagos State
tertiary institutions are boiled down to the type of motivational tools been
used and its effect on their performance, particularly when valued by the
recipients. These tools influence motivation in student–athletes and increases
participation, interest, development, skill acquisition and quality of
performance. These tools can be
regarded as rewards or incentives (financial or non-financial). Financial
incentives includes bonus, cash donations from sponsors, monetary allowance for
athletes in training camp etc. Non-financial incentives include scholarship,
insurance policy, material gifts, medals, awards, verbal or non-verbal
encouragements (praises, smile), trophy tours, public recognition, media
recognition etc.
It is
appropriate for youth competitive sport to include rewards or incentives just
as they are included in higher level of competition. It is essential for
administrators and coaches to provide athletes with support / reward for their
self-referenced achievement. These tools mentioned above seems to be important
to both learning and performance of skills because it relates to the amount of
encouragement and remuneration received for taking part in sporting activities
(Lawler, 1992). In April 2002, Delta State
Government reward its coaches and athletes for
coming second in final medals table of the 13th National Sports Festival
in Edo State and made some promises ahead of the 14th National Sport festival
in Abuja. This appreciation in anticipation motivated the athletes and they
eventually came first in Abuja 2004, final medals table (Vanguard, 2004).
Mshelia
(1990) opines that talented student–athletes in West African universities
require incentives like money, scholarship, insurance policy, media recognition,
material gifts and presents to keep them active in sports. Eniola (1998) attributed that
student-athletes should be provided with financial incentives for participating
in one sports or the other because it goes a long way in motivating the athletes.
The athlete may see it as a means of settling other monetary
responsibilities. Athletes feel
secured and safe when they are covered with a life assurance or accident relief
insurance policy. Since it has been said that whoever participate in sport is
already taking a risk of being injured or death (such as the case of Samuel
Okwaraji of Nigeria, Marc Vivien Foe of Cameroon and Dani Jarque of Spain),
provision of insurance policies for athletes is of paramount importance.
Athletes are
well motivated to participate in competitions when they are rest assured that
if they sustain any injury they will be taken care of. Also, with the provision
of insurance policies, athletes have the instinct that their future is bright
and in the case of any accident in the course of participation, they will not
be neglected by the authorities or organizers in charge. Tartary institutions
should acquire group accident insurance for their athletes because the
intensity of competitive sports is very high, thus higher risk is being
taken. According to Onifade and Fasan
(1991), athletes provided with gifts and presents as rewards for a certain
performance will strive hard to perform better in subsequent competitions.
Gifts and presents given to athletes for qualitative performance motivate other
upcoming athletes to emulate or even supersede them.
In 2003,
Enyimba international Football club of Aba, Nigeria, won the CAF Champions
league, and the players and coaches were given a car each. This motivated the
players and coaches’ even better that they won the competition in the following
year. Other gifts and presents used for motivation include phones, electronic
items (T.V. D.V.D etc) beverages, sporting equipments etc. These gifts and
presents sometimes come from sponsors or philanthropists. Athletes can also be motivated by match
bonus and goal bonus. Match bonus is given to every member of a team after
winning or drawing a match, and it is sometimes given even when they are defeated
depending on the circumstances or after the performance of the team has been
evaluated. On the other hand, the bonus given for goal scored either goes to
the team or the player that scored the goal. Bonuses are financial incentives
because they are usually paid in cash.
Media recognition via print and electronic media companies plays a
significant role in sports. Journalist tends to report and telecast athlete or
athletes that are performing well in competitions and this goes a long way in
motivating athletes to put up a high performance in any competition. Athletes that are on top of their game
usually appear on the pages of newspapers and attend live sport programmes on
radio and T.V stations, locally and internationally. Media assessment propagates
the athletes to concentrate on the sport in which they partake in, knowing
fully well that poor performance will be criticized by the media and quality
performance will be praised which will in turn increase the value of such
athlete locally and internationally.
Awarding of
scholarship is also an important motivational tool in tertiary institutions for
student-athletes. It is the most common way of motivating student-athletes that
performed well in inter-tertiary sport competitions. Most tertiary institutions
award scholarship to student–athletes that return from inter-tertiary sports
competitions (NUGA, WAUG, WUGA) with a medal. These scholarships take care of
their tuition fees for that academic session or subsequent ones. All these incentives or rewards were meant
to boost and sustain the performance of this special population called
student-athlete in sports competitions organized for tertiary institutions.
This study therefore, shall investigate the perceived effect of motivational
tools on student-athletes performance in some sleeted tertiary institutions in
Lagos State.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study
seeks to examine the variational influence of motivational tools (financial and
non-financial incentives) on student–athletes performance, since it has been
generally established over the years that motivation influences athletes’
performance. To some people, athletes are better motivated to perform when the
factors involved are internal i.e. from within, such as determination to win,
will power to excel etc while some other people
are of the opinion that external motivational factors such as rewards or
incentives (financial or non-financial) motivate athletes better. Therefore,
the problem of this study is that there is no clear cut as regards the
influence of internal and external motivational tools on student-athletes
performance. In this regard, the study shall investigate the influence of these
motivational tools on student–athletes performance in some selected tertiary
institutions in Lagos State.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
purpose of this study was to show the
perceived effect of motivational tools such as bonus, cash donations from
sponsors, monetary allowance in training camp, scholarship, insurance policy,
material gifts and presents, awards, verbal or non-verbal encouragement ,
public recognition and media recognition on the performance of student–athletes
in some selected tertiary institutions in Lagos State, as well as the
techniques and strategies to be employed in preparing the athletes for a
desirable performance.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. Will financial incentives have any
effect on student-athletes performance in some sleeted tertiary institutions in
Lagos State?
2. Will non-financial incentives have any
effect on student-athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions
in Lagos State?
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses were tested in the study:
Ho1: Financial incentives has no significant
effect on student – athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions
in Lagos State
Ho2: Non-Financial incentives has no significant
effect on student-athletes performance in some selected tertiary institutions
in Lagos State.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is
an addition to existing knowledge in the field of sports, and physical
education. It also serves as a basis for further studies as regards the
influence of motivational tools (financial and non-financial incentives) on
athletes’ performance. The study will be of great benefit to sport managers and
coaches as well as administrators as it will reveal the extent to which the
above mentioned motivational tools influences athletes performance. Moreso, the
institutions, and sports councils shall also find the results of this study as
a timely springboard to approach the management on obstacles impeding the
performance of their athletes in inter-tertiary competitions such as Nigeria
Colleges of Education Games (NICEGA), Nigeria Polythecnic Games (NIPOGA), Nigeria
University Games (NUGA), West Africa University Games (WAUG) and World
University Games (WAGA).
1.7
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study
was delimited to:
(1) Two
selected Lagos State Tertiary Institutions
(a) Lagos State University, Ojo
(b) University of Lagos, Akoka
(2)
Perceived effect of motivational tools on student-athletes performance in the
above mentioned institutions was sampled through questionnaires.
(3) One
hundred and twenty respondents were selected as sample for the study.
(4) The
subject of the study included student-athletes (male and female) in each of the
institutions
(5) Data
were collected by the use of self-developed questionnaire.
1.8
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The
respondents felt bored in responding to the research instrument (questionnaire)
due to its quantity because it contains two sections (A and B) but the
researcher ensured that he persuaded them to patiently respond to the
questionnaire.
1.9
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Goal: An
object of effort, target of achievement over a period of time.
Success: An
accomplishment or achievement of purpose.
Student-athlete:
Refers to students who combine sports participation and their academic
undertakings in tertiary institution.
Performance:
This refers to the measure of achievement in training and competition by an
individual or team or institution in terms of quantity and quality of
output.
Motivation:
The force setting a person into action and sustaining it until a particular
target is achieved.
Sport: A
competitive situation of a formalized phase of game.
Inter-tertiary
sports: This implies various academic institutions for their students.
Tools: These
are incentives (financial and non-financial) used to boost and sustain the
performance of students –athletes during training and competition.
Technique:
Methods of performance, it is the strategy used in teaching certain skills.
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