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INFLUENCE OF
PARENTAL DISCIPLINE ON EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the influence of parents on children’s emotional adjustment in
selected secondary schools in Lagos State. The descriptive survey research
design was used in this study in order to assess the opinions of the
respondents using the questionnaire. A total of three hundred and twenty (320)
samples were used in this study to represent the entire population of the
respondents. Five (5) null hypotheses were tested in this study using t-test
statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance. The following results were
obtained:
1. The role of parents affect their children’s
emotional adjustment in school.
2. Difference exists between intact/single
parents and their influence on emotional adjustment of students.
3. There is a significant gender difference in
emotional adjustment of students due to parental discipline.
4. There is a significant difference between the
emotional adjustment of students who are brought up by parental discipline and
those who were not.
5. There is a significant difference between the
social adjustment of students who are brought up by parental discipline and
those without parental discipline.
At the end
of the study, it is recommended that parents should rear up their children with
good discipline and not leave them to behave as they like. Parents should not
spare the rod, in order not to spoil the child. Rather, children should be
taught the proper way they should behave and then, it will be difficult for
them to depart from those expected values and norms they were taught by their
own parents.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Discipline
has been defined as a set of rules and regulations, rewards and punishment
administered in order to teach self-control, increase desirable behaviour and
decrease undesirable behaviour (Okoli, 1996). As Brown (2000) puts it, to
discipline someone means to make that individual or individuals to follow a
laid down code of conduct. In discipline, the ultimate goal is to foster sound
judgment, positive moral development and positive social and emotional
adjustment.
According to
the Bible, God gave Adam and Eve an instruction not to eat of the fruit in the
Garden of Eden, but when they disobeyed, they were promptly punished by God
which resulted in sending them out of the Garden. Also, the Bible states that,
when you spare the rod, and you spoil the child. In the same vein, Proverb
13:24 states that “He that spareth his nod hateth his son, but he that loveth
him, chasteneth him”. Hence, the influence of parents on the child can be the
most important influence given to the child in his/her life because parents are
accountable to God on how they influence their children’s’ lives.
Parental
discipline has been in existence since the inception of man. The provision of
positive influence by parents gives the child security and emotional
adjustment, which assists the child to grow up as a decent member of the
society (Amos, 2003). The quality of time parents spend with their children is
the most important aspect of parenting and parent-child relationship. This
could be day by day, hour by hour training and instruction in order to secure
the appropriate atmosphere necessary in the child’s growth and emotional
development. Mustapha (2006), stated
that parents who have the habits of spending quality time with children, bring
up good children who are socially and emotionally balanced in the communities
where they live. He went ahead to claim that children who are well behaved and
emotionally balanced are normally influenced by effective parental discipline
and strong training given to them during the childhood and adolescence
stages.
Locke
(1963), theorized that the child is resembled like the black tablet (tabula
rasa) at birth and that it is the print made in it that is physically seen. In
the same vein, Adamson (2000) admitted that the cultural, educational,
financial and the social status of the home have bearing on the child’s
emotional adjustment, it is the environment and the type of home that makes a
man what he is. Therefore, when and how a child is nurtured and bred, determine
who and what the child becomes in the near future and the overall social and
most importantly, emotional adjustment.
Some thoughts concerning education suggested that the task of the parents
was mainly to build in the child a strong body and habits that would allow for
capacity of reasoning to develop and that parents could reward good behaviour,
punish or discipline bad behaviour with disgrace and the withdrawal of parental
approval and affection as opposed to beating (Arnolds, 2001).
According to
Eden (2002), misbehaviour ought to be punished, so that a child does not repeat
what he termed or seen by the society as unwanted behaviour. According to him,
if bad behaviour is left unaddressed by applying disciplinary measures, the
child tends to repeat the unwanted behaviour, thinking that those behaviours
are normal norms or values cherished by the society. Waller (2005) opined that parental discipline
with love and affection makes a child to adjust emotionally, socially and psychologically
in the society. He went on to opine that operant conditioning as a form of
punishment with artificial consequences for misbehaviour could be used.
According to him, a child who used the family car without parental permission,
the punishment is that the car is taken from him for a period of time while or
praise and reward, operant conditioning could be used through encouragements
and presentation of valuable gifts to the child in order to encourage him to
repeat the valuable norms or behaviour so exhibited.
Statement of
the Problem
These days,
many parents shy away from using disciplinary measures as corrective
instruments toward the remedying of children’s bad or unwanted behaviour in the
society. Because of this, child’s negligence or avoidance of parental control
through disciplinary actions (discipline), most children these days grow up to
lack emotional adjustment. Children
nowadays, do not exhibit positive emotional adjustment, they do not feel bad
whenever they do wrong or step upon the recommended norms or values stipulated
in the society as laid down rules and regulations. This kind of hardened
behaviour by our youth, have caused negative effects in the society. For the fact that youth do not feel bad
about the wrong attitude, exhibited in the society, this, has resulted into
wayward behaviour; prostitution; armed robbery; lying, stealing; fraudulent
activities; examination malpractices; raping; disrespect and disobedience to
the authorities of the parents and significant others in the society. This
study therefore, focused on the influence of parental discipline on emotional
adjustment of secondary school students.
Purpose of
the Study
The
objectives of this study include:
i. To investigate the role of parents in
the emotional adjustment of secondary school students.
ii. To identify the extent at which parental
discipline has affected the emotional adjustment of students in secondary
schools.
iii. To enumerate the different disciplinary
measures taken by parents.
iv. To differentiate different categories of
single or intact parents that have influenced the emotional adjustment of
secondary school students.
v. To suggest solutions to be taken in order
to avoid emotional imbalance while trying to impose discipline on children.
Research
Questions
The
following questions were raised and answered in the process of carrying out
this research.
i. How can the role of parents in the
emotional adjustment of secondary school students be investigated?
ii. Is there a differentiation between the
different categories of single or intact parents and their influence on the
emotional adjustment of secondary school students?
iii. Is there any difference between the
emotional adjustment of students who are brought up by parents who are
disciplinarians and those brought up by parents who are not?
iv. Is there any gender difference in
emotional adjustment of children due to parental discipline?
v. Will the social adjustment of students
who are brought up by parental discipline differ from those who are not?
Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study.
H1: The role
of parents will not significantly affect children’s emotional adjustment in
school.
H2: There is
no significant difference between intact and single parents and their influence
on emotional adjustment of the students.
H3: There
will be no significant gender difference in emotional adjustment of students
due to parental discipline.
H4: There
will be no significant difference between the emotional adjustment of students
who are brought up by parental discipline and those who are not.
H5: There
will be no significant difference between the social adjustment of students who
were brought up by parental discipline and those who are not.
Significance
of the Study
It is hoped
that the findings of this research work will help parents realize their roles
toward the emotional adjustment of their children in the secondary schools. The
study will contribute to the extent at which parents could influence the
emotions of their children at all levels of their education. It will also be
beneficial to teachers, educators and counsellors in dealing with students’
emotional adjustment during their educational career in school.
Theoretical
Framework
The
Emotional Theory (Lake, 1980) stated that parental discipline is necessary for
the emotional, social and psychological adjustment of the child. According to
this theory, the child is helpless when left without personal upbringing of the
parents and the significant others in the nearby community or environment where
the child is nurtured and brought up. In this regard, Lake (1980) opined that the
discipline of the child is necessary, as without disciplinary measures in terms
of smacking and or punishment when the child is wrong, the child tends to grow
up upholding the wrong ideas and negative life and behaviour. Arnolds (2000), stated that individuals
cannot give what they do not possess. According to him, parents who are not
disciplined themselves will find it extremely difficult to instruct their
children/wards to toe the part of discipline. He went on to state that most
parents who train their children on the part of strictness and absolute
discipline, are those who themselves are strict, disciplined and principled as
well.
Children who
are brought up by parents who are authoritative (i.e. not completely
authoritarians and not completely laizzez affaire parents), tend to rear
children whose character conform to the dictates, norms and values of the
society. As Adamson (2001), put it, no society frowns at positive and good
norms. Rather, all societies welcome children or members of the society who are
well behaved, who dance to the positive tune of the societal music and values.
Therefore, any society in the world, welcomes its members whether adult or
children, who are well adjusted to the ethics and morals of the larger society. Mundi (1990), theorized that the characters
of children solely depend on the upbringing they have while growing up. As he
puts it, parental discipline helps children to be either positively or
negatively adjusted in any society. For instance, parents who bring up their
children/wards through aggressive ways are aggressive and violent because
aggression beget aggression while parents who bring up their children/wards in
the democratic way, rear up children who are well behaved who know how to live
well in a decent society.
Scope of the
Study
This study
covered Lagos metropolis especially, the Mainland Local Government Education
District.
Definition
of Terms
The
following terminologies were used in the research work. Some of the operational
definitions of the terms are as follows:
Influence:
This is what makes an individual to take action whether positive or negative.
Parental
Discipline: These are the rules and regulations set out by parents which are
observed by their children/wards.
Emotional
Adjustment: This is the ability to make right changes in behaviours due to
agitation or disturbance occasioned by strong feeling.
Intact
Parents: This connotes the family in which there is a unity between father and
mother who live together as husband and wife with their children/wards.
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