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PERCEPTION OF POOR TELEVISION REPORTAGE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN IN
ANAMBRA
Abstract
From the
international and local media one reads much attention is not given to domestic
violence against men, while this is prevalent on daily basis. This study
however is limited to cases of domestic violence in Nigeria. The article
considers the concept of domestic violence incorporating the forms and causes
of domestic violence. The implication and negative effects of this vice on
different members of the society is highlighted in the study and poor media
coverage of this social vices against men. The study concludes by suggesting
possible remedies to the abnormality of domestic violence. It is hoped that
this article will help in no small way to bring about a reduction in cases of
domestic violence not only in Nigeria, but across the globe as this article is
being read.
TABLE OF
CONTENT
Title page
Approval
page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of
content
CHAPETR ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope and limitation of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
1.8 Organization of the study
CHAPETR TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPETR
THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 sources of data collection
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sampling and sampling distribution
3.5 Validation of research instrument
3.6 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1
Introductions
4.2 Data
analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3
Conclusion
5.4
Recommendation
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
On a daily
basis in the Nigerian society there is shocking news of domestic violence
everywhere. If the news is not about the growing trend of “baby making
factories” dotting the nooks and crannies of Nigeria, it may be about a husband
killing the wife or wife killing the husband. Sometimes, it may be about a
father violating his daughter by sexually abusing her. Nigerian women are
beaten, raped and even murdered by members of their own family for a supposed
transgression, and most Nigerian men are living as housekeeper in their own
house, they suffer abused ill treatment and sometimes battered by their own
spouse which little or no attention is directed towards that angle, which can
range from not having meals ready on time to visiting family members without
their wife’s permission. Some women even subject their husbands to acid attacks
from their wifes or girlfriends which cause extreme pain or disfigurement,
sometimes leading to the death of the victims. Domestic violence affects all
social groups in the society and can consist of physical, sexual, emotional,
economic and psychological abuse (America Psychiatric Association 2005, p. 1
and Oifig an Tánaiste, 1997, p. 141). Although men can also be victims of
domestic violence (Denis 2014), women and children suffer it most. The
prevalent culture of silence and stigmatization of victims of domestic violence
hinders public acknowledgment of the problem. There is an urgent need to
challenge the social prejudices and the institutional structures of the
Nigerian society in order to protect women, not just from danger, but also from
ridicule, fear and isolation. The Nigerian Government as well as Nigerian
Christians should rise to the occasion and find ways to tackle the menace of domestic
violence. Typically, the police have been reluctant to intervene in incidents
involving domestic violence; they prefer to regard the family as a private
realm. Erroneously, husband beating is considered a “private affair” of the
home. Wife battering his husband “culturally” acceptable; it is considered as a
“normal way of life” and even as a “sign of love” (Nwankwo, 2003, p. 5). In
other African societies domestic violence is viewed as a private issue between
spouses which does not call for legal intervention. Men continue to suffer in
silence and even accept domestic violence in their marriages as part of their
destiny (Curran and Bonthuys, 2004). This is rather unfortunate for such men to
accept this cruelty as their destiny. The prevalence of violence in the society
is huge; the prevalence of violence against women and girls, in particular, is
very worrying – across the world but here in Nigeria it is a particular
problem.
“A lot of
that is violence within the family, people that they know and I think it is
time to speak out, it is time to say: this has to stop and it is really
important that men say that as well as women – so this isn’t a women’s issue,
this is an issue about society. “The perpetrators of violence against men and
boys are almost by definition women and I think that is something that women
need to recognize and stand up and say this has got to stop.” therefore,
government at all levels must also act quickly to stop domestic violence in
whatever form. “It is a really important debate – a difficult debate. It cuts
across boundaries of culture, ethnic groups. It is a debate that really has to
be brought out in the open and discussed properly and then society, the
government at all levels has to take action to stop it,” he stressed. Domestic
violence is violence that is perpetrated by intimate partners and other family
members, and that is manifested through physical abuse, sexual abuse,
psychological abuse, economic abuse, and acts of omission (UNICEF IRC, 2000).
Domestic violence is therefore a mix of physical and coercive behaviors
designed to manipulate and dominate another competent adult or adolescent
(Kerr, Levine, & Woolard, 2007) to achieve compliance and dependence. The
term intimate partner violence (IPV) is often used synonymously, other terms
have included wife beating, wife battering, man beating, husband battering,
relationship violence, domestic abuse, spousal abuse, and family violence with
some legal jurisdictions having specific definitions (Campbell, 2002). This
article will use the term male victims of domestic violence. Intimate partner
violence is gender based and is a serious public health problem that cuts
across nations, cultures, religion, and class (Ilika, Okonkwo, & Adogu,
2002; Olufunmilayo, Adedibu, & Adeniran, 2005). It is perpetrated by, and
on, both men and women. It can occur in same-sex and opposite-sex
relationships. Awareness and documentation of domestic violence differs from
country to country. Estimates are that only about a third of cases of domestic violence
are actually reported in the United States and the United Kingdom (Tjaden &
Thoennes, 1998). Lower number of reported cases will therefore not be
surprising in less developed societies with less attention and less support.
The under-reporting of domestic violence was opined by Watts and Zimmerman
(2002) to be almost universal and may be due to the sensitive nature of the
subject. Domestic violence against men is a term describing violence that is
committed against men by the man’s intimate partner (Sugg, Thompson, Thompson,
Majuro, & Rivara, 1999). It is a rare finding (Tjaden & Thoennes,
1998). This rarity has relegated it to a level of minimal importance; hence
Taft, Hegarty, and Flood (2001) in their review concluded that although male victims
of domestic violence certainly exist, male victims of other forms of male
violence are more prevalent. Taft et al. (2001) therefore suggested that a
focus on gendered risk of violence in public health policy should target
male-tomale public violence and male-to-female intimate partner abuse with no
mention of female-to-male abuse. With the rise of the men’s movement, and
particularly men’s rights, there is some advocacy for men as victims,
indicating that their suggestion is not generally acceptable.
Though Stets and Straus (1990) posited in
their 1985 survey that when violence is measured by acts, women are as violent
as men but when violence is measured by injuries men are more violent, several
authors have consistently reported higher prevalence figures of domestic
violence against females as compared with males (Coker et al., 2002; Rennison,
2003; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Most assaults are relatively minor and
consist of pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, and hitting. The major
assaults included rape (Tjaden & Theonnes; 2000) and homicide (Fox &
Zawitz; 2004).Women in their 20s were more likely to aggress than women aged 30
years and more. In Nigeria, the reasons for domestic violence have been
identified to include drunkenness, infidelity, and financial misappropriation
(Ilika et al., 2002). Fiebert and Gonzalez (1997) in the United States reported
that women appeared to aggress because they did not believe that their male
victims would be injured or would retaliate and also wished to engage their attention,
particularly emotionally. In Eastern Nigeria, cultural norms seem to favor
domestic violence. Victims are less likely to report domestic violence to the
police or open up to health care workers to avoid breaking traditional norms or
incurring community sanctions (Ilika et al., 2002). Among the Ijaws in South
Southern Nigeria where this study was conducted, marriages are contracted
mainly by customary rites and can be dissolved by the community council of
chiefs or customary court if there is a justifiable reason. Domestic violence
against men is culturally regarded as a very serious offence. Instruments
considered normal in exercising authority or discipline by a victim include
abandonment, refusal of food cooked by the woman, denial or withholding of sex
or money for food, and divorce. It also attracts punishment in the form of
fines with public apology from the perpetrator which is enforced by the
victims’ peers. Reporting to the hospital occurs in severe and recurring
situations when the peers can no longer intervene and it is for the sole
purpose of obtaining medical reports to seek legal redress against the
perpetrators before the community chiefs’ council or customary/ magistrate
court which ends with dissolution of the marriage in most cases. In domestic
violence, man is culturally assumed as the aggressor and the victim a female.
Current research provides little insight into the risks a man faces if he is
assaulted by a woman in an intimate relationship. Family violence research has
focused on the relative risks that men and women face and mask the high number
of men at risk, because of the large number of women who are injured as a
result of domestic violence. Our judicial systems are based on the premise that
guilt follows the offender, not the offended.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Though Stets
and Straus (1990) posited in their 1985 survey that when violence is measured
by acts, women are as violent as men but when violence is measured by injuries
men are more violent, several authors have consistently reported higher
prevalence figures of domestic violence against females as compared with males
(Coker et al., 2002; Rennison, 2003; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Most
assaults are relatively minor and consist of pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping,
and hitting. The major assaults included rape (Tjaden & Theonnes; 2000) and
homicide (Fox & Zawitz; 2004).Women in their 20s were more likely to
aggress than women aged 30 years and more. It is in view of this that the
researcher decide to investigate audience perception of poor television
patronage of domestic violence against men in Anambra state
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of the study is to investigate the perception of audience on poor
television reportage of domestic violence against men in Anambra state. But to
aid the completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the
following specific objectives;
i) To ascertain the effect of poor
television reportage of domestic violence against men
ii) To examine the role of the media in
eradicating domestic violence in Anambra state
iii) To examine the impact of domestic
violence reportage in combating this societal menace
iv) To examine the relationship between
poor reportage of domestic violence against men and marital well-being of
Anambra people
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the
completion of the study
H0: poor
television reportage does not have any effect on the fight against domestic
violence against men
H1: poor
television reportage does have an effect on the fight against domestic violence
against men
H0: the
television media does not play any significant role in eradicating domestic
violence in Anambra state
H2: the
television media does play a significant role in eradicating domestic violence
in Anambra state.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is
believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great
importance to the management of TV stations both public and private to channel
her energy in reporting the incidence of domestic violence against men in the
state. The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a
study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a spring box to further
research. Finally, the study will be useful to students, teachers, lecturers,
academia’s and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing
literature and contribute to knowledge on the subject matter.
1.6 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
the study c overs audience perception of poor television reportage of domestic
violence against men in Anambra state. But in the cause of the study, there
were some factors which limited the scope of the study;
a)
AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the
researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The
time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the
researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the
study.
c) Finance:
the finances at the disposal of the researcher was very limited as such could
not finance a broader scope of the study
1.7
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Violence
Violence is
defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of
physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person,
or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high
likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development,
or deprivation
Domestic
violence
Domestic
violence is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic
setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.
Reportage
Reportage is
the reporting of news and other events of general interest for newspapers,
television, and radio.
Television
Television
(TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in
monochrome (black and white), or in colour, and in two or three dimensions and
sound. The term can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV
show"), or the medium of television transmission.
Audience
An audience
is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art,
literature, theatre, music, video games, or academics in any medium
1.8
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one
is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the
study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study,
research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study,
definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two
highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the
review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and
methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data
collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and
recommendations made of the study
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