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PERCEIVED EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The importance of instructional materials in the teaching and learning
situation in school cannot be over emphasized. Instructional materials are
teaching aids that uses both sight and sound to convey the meanings to students
and enrich the learning experience of students (Nolan, 1988).
With reference to education, instructional materials or teaching devices
which appeal to the sense of sight and sound are referred to as audio-visual
aids. These help to motivate and make students to participate in the learning
activities with good retention through good pictures or chart produced to be
seen with eyes and sound to be heard with ears simultaneously.
When instructional materials are used according to Nolan (1988),
students or learners interest are aroused, the lesson becomes real, students
participate more actively and they retain much more than when Instructional
materials are not used.
Studies such as that which was conducted by Bekaiye (1989) and Iwoh
(1988), revealed that instructional materials were either not available in
schools or where they are available, they were not effectively used.
Instructional materials may be like pictures or graphs in nature. They includes
model, field trips, charts, text books, chalkboard, illustrations etc.
There is truth in the adage which says “a picture is worth a thousand
words”. Nolan (1988) felt that students retain much more when they see and hear
than when they only read and see. He also felt that learning comes about in a
shorter period of time when instructional materials are relied upon.
The role of instructional materials in the teaching and learning system
cannot be over emphasized. Ademola (2004) stressed that instructional materials
serve as an aid for effective and efficient learning in any learning system and
that it is also a pivot for the economic and social justification of any
learning system. He further argues that instructional materials does not only
play vital role in terms of learning process of individuals but also helps the
overall development of the individuals. Oshodi (1996) in his opinion says
Nigeria must release the good work of her investment on education through
instructional materials for it is these materials that will bring into reality,
her work. Hence, he advocated for the supply of instruction materials in
schools. He also advise that instructional materials that facilitate teaching
should be used throughout all educational levels from nursery education to
university education.
Subsequently, the importance of instructional materials in achieving
educational objectives was vividly highlighted by Ajayi and Salami (1999), when
they submitted that instructional materials improve teachers competence,
effectiveness of instruction and good classroom control. It makes the learning
environment more appreciable and conducive. The learner’s attention is better
controlled and sustained throughout the lesson.
Adeyemi (1993), supported the above opinion by saying that when children
see things it makes much more lasting impression on them than by mere hearing
about things. Thus, this study is concerned with the perceived effect of
instructional materials on students academic achievement. In this regard
selected secondary schools in Lagos State shall be used as cases for study.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In every facet of life man explores many ways of communicating his
ideas, skills and knowledge in an effective manner. The ability to recall and
apply appropriate by what is being taught is learning. A teacher is aware of
this basic truth and therefore seeks possible ways of his making teaching
effective. Exclusive use of words alone to convey meaning, ideas and knowledge
has been found to be ineffective. Apart from being ineffective, it runs
contrary to some principles of learning. Common experience and research
revealed that people learn differently, therefore, the teacher has to present
instruction in a way that would gain the attention of the learners that
learners will be able to recall what is being taught with less difficulty and
also make sure that learning take place effectively. This can be achieved by
the various materials the teacher employees to make learning effective.
The rationale then for using instructional materials is to cater for the
unique learning style of various categories of learners. Therefore, this study
sought to investigate the perceived effect of instructional materials on
students academic achievement. As such, emphasis shall be on the influence of
arousing and sustaining student learning interest, changing attitude, level of
acquisition and retention of factual information as well as motivation of
learners.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
This study intends to determine the perceived effect of instructional
materials on students academic achievement. It also aimed at investigating how
instructional materials could contribute to teaching and learning in the
classroom. Amongst others the study is designed.
i. To find out whether instructional
materials arouses learner’s interest.
ii. To find out whether
instructional materials aid learner’s retention of information.
iii. To determine the
influence of instructional materials on class participation of learners.
iv. To determine the
influence of instructional materials on learners motivation.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. To what extent does
instructional materials influence the educational achievement of students? This
study was designed to address the following additional research questions:
ii. Does instructional
materials influence the learners class participation.
iii. Does instructional
materials motivate students in the learning process?
iv. Does instructional materials arouse the
learners learning interest?
v. Does instructional
materials aid the learners retention ability?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1. Instructional
materials will not significantly influence the learner’s class participation.
2. Instructional
materials will not significantly motivate students in the learning process.
3. Instructional
materials will not significantly arouse the learners learning interest.
4. Instructional
materials with not significantly influence student’s retention ability.
5. Instructional
materials will not significantly influence student’s academic achievement.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The perceived effect of instructional materials on students academic
achievement is significant with particular reference to some selected secondary
schools in Mushin Local Government both private and public schools.
The outcome of this study and its recommendations will motivate various
governments and school authorities to fashion out ways of effectively utilizing
instructional materials in the teaching and learning of subjects in secondary
schools.
Specifically, students could be put up right in the effective use of
instructional materials by the teacher for quicker assimilation and retention
of facts in the teaching learning system in various schools.
The parents would not be left out also. They would be well informed as
to the importance of the use of appropriate instructional materials by teachers
in the teaching of various subject as well as been able to come to the aid of
schools financially towards procurement of modern instructional materials and
appreciate projects given to their wards as assignments.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study. The researcher focused and concentrated
on five secondary schools randomly selected in Mushin Local Government both
public and private as the target population.
The names of the schools used were:
1. Eko Boys Secondary
School (Public)
2. Barch Freeman High
School (Public)
3. Standard
Comprehensive College (Private)
4. Nigeria Model
Secodnary School (Private)
5. Ransome Kuti Memorial
Grammar School (Public)
All located in Mushin Local Government
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to a geographical area in Mushin.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Perceived: This means to become award of through the senses, to see, to
understand etc.
Instructional Materials: These are materials that facilitate teaching
and learning process.
Learning: It means to gain knowledge, skills, make process by being taught.
Teachers: This refers to those that are concerned with impacting
knowledge, values, skills and culture in the curriculum to the learners.
Learners: These are the receiver or to whom knowledge, skills and
cultural value are transmitted.
Achievement: This means to accomplished or to get something done.
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