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FAMILY
FACTORS AS A DETERMINANTS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Family has
been universally perceived as a small but powerful unit and the oldest
institution in the history of human existence that helps in the character
formation of the child and molding of behaviour of the individual in the
society. This is because family is the fundamental and basic social unit for
human development and also the primary agent for socialization of children.
According to Macionis (2007) family is a social institution found in all
societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another
including children. Family is a social unit made up of father, mother, children
and blood relations (Okonkwo, 2005). Similarly, Ononuju(2005) opined that
family is a unit of people tied together by bonds of marriage, birth or
adoption, having in most cases a common abode. The author also maintained that
man and woman as the
first
members of the family have obligations towards the younger members as they
arrive and that involves inculcating social norms such as love, care,
cooperation and discipline among her members. Buttressing further, the author
posited that when families fail in these basic functions, a
faulty
foundation is laid which will result in faulty adult behaviours such as
corruption and all kinds of indiscipline. In the context of this study, Family
can also be seen as a kinship group of
two or more
persons who live in the same household and are related by marriage or adoption.
Family also
performs certain functions for their sustainability and wellbeing.
Family
performs many functions such as reproduction or procreation, protection and
care of young ones, educational functions and provision of shelter (home)
(Sunil, 2011). Reproduction or
procreation
is an essential function which the family performs in all societies. The family
along with regulating the sexual behaviour in relation to the satisfaction of
sexual needs secures a legitimate basis for procreation. This function of the
family contributes to the continuity of family and ultimately perpetuates the
human race.
Peer
pressure can be seen as the influence exerted by peer group in encouraging a person
to change his/her attitude, values or behaviours to conform to the group. A
person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to this group.
They may also recognize dissociative groups that they do not wish to belong and
therefore, adopt behavior in opposition to those of the group. In the same
vein, Harris (1998) opined that peer pressure can cause people to do things
they will not normally do, e.g. to take drugs, smoke, date, rude, fight,
vandalise, cheat in examination, lie, walk out of teacher and so on. Adolescent
peer pressure is particularly common because most youth are forced to spend
large amount of time with their groups i.e. (schools and sub-group within them)
regardless of the opinion of thosegroups. Again, they may lack the maturity to
handle the peer pressure. Adolescent are also more willing to have negative
behavior towards those who are not members of their own peer groups (Ungar,
2004). In consonance with Ungar, it is possible that if one is involved with a
group of people who are ambitious and working to succeed, one might feel
pressured to follow suit to avoid feeling excluded from the group. Adolescents
may less likely to be heavily influenced by their friends and more likely to
make their own decisions if they have high self-esteem, individual goals, a
positive outlook on the future, good social skills, the ability to interact
with people from different background and strong connections of family and
community (Onwuamanam, 1998). Adams (1996) equally posited that adolescents are
more likely to be heavily influenced by their peers and less likely to make
decisions for themselves if they have no self-esteem and may be experiencing
problems in their family such as absence of parents, drug, anger, verbal abuse,
theft, fight and many more. It seems that the socialization experience of
adolescents is focused on peer interaction. Adolescents are more likely to
discuss their problems with their peers than with their parents and are more
susceptible to their peer’s perception of right and wrong. Adolescent usually
exhibit high emotional tension and it is often said that adolescent is a period
of storm and stress-they are usually restless at this period because of their
stage, as they always want to discover their world (Mohammed, 2012). But it
seems, not all adolescence in our society may go through this acclaimed storm
and stress, proper upbringing matters. Therefore, adolescent’s lives today are
far more complex and demanding than yester years. Parents today rush their
children into these obligations and doing that are appropriate for them, simply
to satisfy themselves in the challenging world of work. Adolescence in this
condition would seek the help of their peers to support their behavioral
challenges, as it is often said, no man is an island‘.Kring, Davidson, Neale
and Johnson (2007) observed that those delinquent behaviours exhibited by
adolescents are in two categories. A pervasive pattern of disregard for the
rights of others from the age of 15 such astruancy, running away from home,
frequent lying, theft, arson and inconsistency, breaking rules, being
irritable, physical aggressive, defaulting on debts, being reckless, impulsive,
neglecting plan ahead, show little regard for truth and little remorse for
their misdeeds.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The
manifestation of delinquency among primary school pupils has remained an age
long problem in the Nigerian primary school system. In a study carried out by
Ajake, Etuk and Omori (2010) shows that there is a high rate of school complain
about student’s delinquency. At this juncture, family has an enormous task of
ensuring that the adolescent grows appropriately in this regard. The extent to
which parents and other adults in the family make provision for the holistic
growth of their wards, with the view of curbing societal ills has generated a
lot of concern in our contemporary Nigeria as a whole and Awgu Education Zone
of Enugu State in particular. Increased attention is being given to the ability
of individual and family to successfully remedy the negative impact on
delinquency.
The
researcher having seen the unwholesome behaviour that emanated from children
which causes burden to parents, school administrator/ teacher and the society,
wade into the research of this nature to find out may be parenting styles like
democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire have a way of causing delinquent
behaviour and probably peer pressure as a social factor, makes primary school
pupils to adopt certain behavior in order to fit in with others could influence
delinquent behaviour.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study
intend to examine the influence of
student background on deviant behaviour in schools as well as examine the
possible influence of the school environment teachers, parent, society, peer
group ups behaviour in promoting deviant behaviour among student.
However,
this study is concern to sets out and achieves the following.
i) To investigate whether parents in
some ways, either knowing or unknowingly contribute to the deviant behaviour of
students in secondary school.
ii) To determine whether the nature of
the school administration has influence whether the socio-economic factors in
Awgu Education Zone of Enugu State have any influence on deviant behaviour
among primary school students.
iii) To assess the influence of democratic
parenting styles on delinquent behaviour among primary school pupils.
iv) To assess the influence of autocratic
parenting styles on delinquent behaviour among primary school pupils.
1.4 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses will be tested
H0:There is
no significant relationship between autocratic parenting style and delinquent
behaviour among primary school students
H1: There is
a significant relationship between autocratic parenting style and delinquent
behaviour among primary school students
H0:There is
no significant relationship between democratic parenting styles and delinquent
behaviour among primary school students.
H2:There is
a significant relationship between democratic parenting styles and delinquent
behaviour among primary school students.
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The end
result of this study was intended to enable parents, individuals,
policy-makers, curriculum planners and the government to make adequate plan on
how to ensure that the high level deviant behaviour among our children is
reduced to minimal levels and or eliminated. A research of this nature is more
relevant to Parents who would find it useful to evaluate different parenting
styles and their influence on their ward’s behaviour then may choose the one
that is appropriate for the upbringing of their children. Principals, and
Teachers, will also find this research work useful because it will afford them
the opportunity to see how parenting styles and peer pressure may influence
delinquent behavior so that they will understand how to handle delinquent behavior
among students. School psychologists or counsellors handling delinquent
problems of student would also be able to identify various behaviours exhibited
by children and to advise students on the right peer group to move with that
would be of benefit to them academically, socially and morally. The study would
be relevant to policy makers and government, for example, ministry of education
and juvenile remand home for junior offenders like; boaster home, an arm of the
Nigeria Prison Service. That is concern with the policy that guide the
day-to-day running of school system. This will help them to formulate policy
that would help in the smooth running of the schools. Non-Governmental
Organizations like; United Nations Children‘s Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) dealing with
adolescents will find this useful to bring about better ways of addressing
delinquent behaviours in our society. The study will also contribute to other
literatures in the area of parenting styles, peer pressure and delinquent
behaviours. It will assist other student’s researchers who would want to carry
out research in the area of parenting, peer pressure and deviant behaviour
among primary school pupils.
1.6 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research
was delimited to primary school pupils in Awgu Education Zone of Enugu State.
It is assumed that the delinquent‘s behaviours are common among primary school
pupils. Obviously, the primary schools are made up of children and teenagers.
Emphasis was basically on this because it is assumed that teenagers are found
at this level of education school. In this case, the research was limited to
teenagers male and female students within the age range of 10-16 years. This
study was limited to family factors, parenting style, peer pressure and
delinquent behaviours among primary school pupils in Awgu Education Zone of
Enugu State.
The
researcher encounters some constraints which limited the scope of the study;
FINANCE: Due
to the nature of office and business within the scope, the researcher spends a
lot of money on visiting, traveling from one location to another, from one
office to the other and even had to repeat a visit more than three times to
seek for information, all these involves money considering the financial
constraint of the researcher and limited resources available to her.
SOURCES OF
INFORMATION: Many registered and non-registered teaching and non-teaching
staffs of primary schools in Awgu Education Zone of Enugu State were reluctant
to give out or provide information about the research, since they believe that
tax payment is something very confidential and therefore could not open up to
the researcher.
INADEQUATE
RECORD KEEPING: Some of the respondents visited were unable to present complete
and comprehensive records of their business .while some were not keeping proper
records of their business activities and as such could not give adequate and
correct information on the effect of vat on their businesses rippling on the
economy of Nigeria.
TIME: Time
constraint has been another vital limitation and obstacle towards effective
realization of the main objectives of this study. Time was really not on my
side since I have to combine the little time left with my academic work and preparation.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Family
factors: Family Factors. Certain life situations such as single parenting,
domestic violence, and other stressful events can contribute to the likelihood
of maltreatment, particularly when parents are isolated socially or lack
sufficient emotional or financial support.
Deviant
behaviour:Deviant behavior may refer to. Deviance (sociology), actions or
behaviors that violate social norms. Deviant Behavior (journal), an
interdisciplinary journal which focuses on social deviance. Deviant Behavior
(book), a textbook by American sociologist Erich Goode.
Peer Group:
People who are similar in development level such as age, education and other
qualifications.
School
Administration: It is a formalized system which, plan, coordinate, organize,
staff, reporting and evaluating of all matters of the entire school affairs.
Heritage: A
valued thing or culture that is been passed down from previous generations.
Nuisance: An
annoying person
Organization:
An organized group with a particular purpose e.g. school
Primary
school:A primary school (or elementary school in American English and often in
Canadian English) is a school in which children receive primary or elementary
education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after pre school and
before secondary school.
1.8
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview,
of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research
question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms
and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical
framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature.
Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the
study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and
presentation of finding. Chapter five
gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
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