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EFFECT OF
MODELS AND CHARTS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN BASIC SCIENCE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The
development of Basic Science and Technology as a subject area occurred in
Nigeria in the late 1960s, and its teaching and learning have since been
entrenched in schools. A child they say is the father of a man. The education
which the child receives today will shape his understanding and vision of life
and this in turn will enable him to play a significant role in the making of
himself and in the development of his fatherland. The child learns to perform
and improve on the quality of the activities and lifestyle of his forebears,
thus, pushing forward the frontiers of the cultural disposition of the people.
Developing
students’ interest in science and technology is one of the objectives of
science education. With global scientific and technological advancement
occurring rapidly, declining students’ achievement in science courses is a
worldwide concern that has led to basic science reform efforts on an
international scale (Ozcan & Genc, 2016; Torres & Vasconcelos, 2017).
Today’s society depends on development of science and technology (Uzunboylu
& Tugun, 2016). Teachers are expected to device ways of improving the
interest and achievement in science and science-related disciplines. No nation
can afford to neglect basic science at any level of education and hope to
thrive in any field of human endeavour. Basic science is vital for useful
living in any society. It is at the Centre for producing resources necessary
for socio- economic, scientific and technological development needed for
advancement of any nation. Olatoye (2002) was on the opinion that basic science
lays foundation for work in science- related fields by giving the students
necessary information about certain knowledge, skills, and attitude. Much has
been said about secondary school students’ poor performance in science
generally and basic science in particular. Okoye and Okeke (2007) noted that
performance in basic science has been declining over the years.
On the other
hand the use of instructional materials may play a significant role in the
academic achievement of students in basic science. There are several in materials
which could serve as medium of instructions for teaching and learning. The
study will focus on the use of models and charts on students’ academic
performance in basic science.
The Basic
Science is both content and process based. Some form of integration was the
focus for basic science. The conceptual approach to content selection was
adopted (Akpan, 1999). In organizing the content into teaching units, the
spiral approach was adopted. By this, topics were to be treated at an
elementary level in the first instance and later, develop further as the
child's mind mature and were able to grapple with such scientific process and
knowledge.
1.2
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The federal
government of Nigeria has put in much effort to the improvement of the
educational sector in Nigeria but there are still some limitations in the
academic performance of students in basic science.The problem of pupils’
drawback in the science especially in the basic science at a higher level calls
for a research into the area, at the grassroots level (primary school level).
Some of the problems facing teachers and students in teaching and learning
basic science are:
1. lack of models and charts
2. dilapidated building
3. Inadequate classrooms etc.
There is
therefore need for a research to investigate the factors that affect teaching
and learning of basic science. The study will try to determine the effect of
the use of models and charts on the academic performance of students in basic
science in Calabar municipality, Cross River State.
1.3 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main aim
of the study is to determine the effect of models and charts on students’
academic performance in basic science. Other specific objectives of study are:
1. to determine the relationship between the use
of models and chart and students academic performance in basic science in
Calabar municipality
2. to determine if there is difference in
academic performance between students that are taught using charts and those
that are taught using models
3. to investigate on the factors affecting the
use charts and models in teaching and learning basic science in Calabar,
municipality, Cross River State
4. to examine whether teachers’ experience and
attitude have significant effect on the use of charts and models in teaching
basic science in calabar municipality, Cross River state
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The study
came up with research questions so as to ascertain the above stated objectives
of study. The research questions for the study are:
1. What is the relationship between the use of
models and chart and students academic performance in basic science in Calabar
municipality?
2. Is there any significant difference in
academic performance between students that are taught using charts and those
that are taught using models?
3. What are the factors affecting the use charts
and models in teaching and learning basic science in Calabar, municipality,
Cross River State?
4. Does teachers’ experience and attitude have
significant effect on the use of charts and models in teaching basic science in
calabar municipality, Cross River state?
1.5
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1
H0: there is
no significant relationship between the use of models and chart and students
academic performance in basic science in Calabar municipality
H0: there is
significant relationship between the use of models and chart and students
academic performance in basic science in Calabar municipality
Hypothesis 2
H0: Gender
does not influence students’ academic performance in basic science for those
who were taught by using charts and those that were taught using models
H0: Gender
influences students’ academic performance in basic science for those who were
taught by using charts and those that were taught using models
Hypothesis 3
H0: there is
no difference in academic performance between students that are taught using
charts and those that are taught using models
H1: there is
difference in academic performance between students that are taught using
charts and those that are taught using models
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study on
the effect of models and charts on student academic performance in basic
science will be of immense benefit to the entire secondary schools in Calabar
in the sense that the study will educate the both the teachers and the students
in the use of models and charts and its effect on students academic performance
by comparing the academic performance of students that are taught using charts
and those that are taught using models. Finally the study will contribute to
the body of existing literature and knowledge in this field of study and
provide a basis for further research.
1.7 SCOPE OF
STUDY
The study on
the effect of models and charts on student academic performance in basic
science will be carried out on three schools (Army primary school, and Eyo ita
model primary school) in Calabar Municipality
1.8
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work
1.9
DEFINITION OF TERM
Models of
teaching: A model of teaching is a plan or pattern that can be used to shape
curriculums (long-term courses of studies), to design instructional materials,
and to guide instruction in the classroom and other settings based on Joyce and
Weil (1980)
Charts:charts
are materials used to make thinking visible as you record strategies,
processes, cues, guidelines and other content during the learning process in
basic science.
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