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PROJECT MATERIAL IN MARKETING:
THE
EMPLOYMENT CREATION POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN ANOCHA LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA
STATE
ABSTRACT
Unemployment
situation in Nigeria
has regarded economic development and growth ever since 1981 after the declaration of Austeinsy measure.
The evil effects of unemployment is a visions circle that cripples and
economy.
It is
against this background that I was motivated to choose this topic to identify
how small scale business can provide the necessary solution with particular
reference to Aniocha geo political territory.
I believe
that unemployment is a major problem in Nigeria especially in Aniocha local
government area and that this problem can only be solved by the establishment
of small scale business. This study is embarked upon with qualitatively that
employment potentials of small scale business is the necessary solution to our
employment and economic malaise.
The
researcher while embarking on this study intends to make use of primary data
through the use of questionnaire to be distributed to some selected small
business operating in Aniocha.
This data
had been analysed using Test Hypothesis
to show whether a relationship
exist between increase in small scale business and employment in Aniocha local
government area.
Also
secondary method of data collection through the use of information from small
scale business in Aniocha area; and federal office of statistics would be
employed with a view of showing the number of and increase in small scale
industry and increase or decrease in unemployment in Aniocha. Besides, there
are journals news papers and delivered papers would be examined as they relate
to this topic.
The
analysis and testing of the data would suggest whether the null or alternative
hypothesis would be accepted. The writer intend to draw an inference from the
conclusion given by the result and on that basis recommend to the government,
especially Aniocha local government
area, on what direction she is expected to follow and direct her policies, this
is because this study is particularly significant to the locality.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Abstract
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of
contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.2
Statement of problem k
1.3
Scope of the study
1.4
Objective of the study
1.5
Statement of hypothesis
1.6
Significant of the study
1.7
Limitation of the study
1.8
Definition of terms
Reference
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Review of related literature
2.1 The role of business in society
2.2 The important of employment to national
economic well being
2.3 The classification
of employment into self employment and paid employment
2.4 Small scale
business as a source of self employment and paid employment
2.5 Aniocha L.G.A
and employment in Nigeria
Reference
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
Research Methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Population of study
3.3 Sampling sign and design
3.4 Method of analysis
Reference
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Data Presentation
4.1 Data analysis
4.2 Test of hypothesis
Reference
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Conclusion
5.1 Summary
of findings
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 References
5.4 Bibliography
5.5 Appendix
A
5.6 Appendix
B
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There is no
doubt whatever that small scale and medium scale enterprises constitute the
real public of a nations economy. And to say that the present and future
economic advancement of this our great country (Nigeria) and Aniocha local
government area (which is the topic of this study). Lies in the dynamism and
growth of small scale business is not an overstatement. At least this is the
unanimous is opinion of an economic conference at the instance of two bodies.
A - The Nigeria institute of social and
economic research
(NISER)
B - The National Association of small scale
industries (NASSI) and Riedrich
Allber foundation held in Lagos
in 1989.
In other
words, small scale business constitute a vital engine to economic growth and development. Hwoever, the environment in
which this sector operates in Nigeria
is both challenging and rewarding it is challenging because it is fraught with the
dangers of risks ensuring from having in the first place to invest money in
small-scale business in Nigeria and the
problems of managing it in the country recessed economy. Nevertheless, this
study shows that, there is, the smiling countenance of success should the small
scale business be given dynamic leadership and be properly managed in the
present economically recessive climate in the country.
This
introductory chapter will attempt to highlight the basic facts the reader
should know about small scale business in Nigeria and Aniocha local
government Area in general.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEMS
At this
time and age, being a paid employee is a very risky business, because the state
of economic well being of the Nigeria
economy is in the least stable. This has motivated both the government and
individuals, to focus their interest on small scale industrial development etc.
least to solve the problems of unemployments for owners and create some
employment opportunities for others.
This
enthusiasm not withstanding only very few individuals in the final analysis
succeed in establishing their own small scale business. This further delays our
desire t attain to great economic heights. The dynamic role of small scale
business in our national economic progress and the motivation of entrepreneurs
are into being realized to the great disadvantages of the whole economy.
The problem
that now arises are if encouragement of small scale business has the potential
of solving the nations unemployment problems. This major problems crops up a
number of question as follows:
(a)
Does small scale business have enough employment
potentials for the over growing Nigeria.
(b)
What favour constraints the growth of small scale
business
(c)
How significant are lack of capital and infrastructure
in the establishment of small scale business as it relates to Aniocha Local
government area
(d)
What role does government policy play to encourage
small scale business in Aniocha local government area.
With all
these challenges, this study intends to reveal how the low productivity of
small scale business in Aniocha Local government area caused by the prevailing economic recession
has affected their performance.
1.3 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
The study’s
area of coverage is Aniocha local government area but due to some other
limiting factors small scale how to be shortened to some selected small scale
business firms in Aniocha. Also this study will show how small scale business
help to build up management skills in the
local populace. The study will also show the basic characteristics of small
scale business in the country.
1.4 OBJECTIVE
OF THE STUDY
Realizing
the employment and other prospects of small scale industrial development in any
up and coming economy such as ours, the fundamental question that arise is, how
can the dynamic role of this sub-sector be more effective and economically
enhanced.
Infact,
there are two ways about it other than,
by creating serious awareness among be people emphasizing more on small scale
Monday as best alternative to our more
towards industrialization and all talk about technology transfer.
Most
importantly, if we believers economists that then half of our total economic
problems area over when we have full employment
than there is need to see if small scale business among all sectors can
help us attain full employment of human and material resources. Thus, the reed
for this study,
Consequently,
upon the above, this research is armed at identifying the core problems that
hinder people from establishing and operating their own small scale business,
find out what remedial actions that have taken to ameliorate the problems it is
also armed at finding possible
suggestions as to show the problem can be solved.
1.5
STATEMENT
OF HYPOTHESIS
Ho: Small business
holds no employment creation potentials in Aniocha
HI: Small
business holds no employment creation potentials in Aniocha
Ho: There is no
relationship between the establishment of small scale business and increased
employment opportunities in Aniocha.
HI: There is no relationship between the
establishment of small scale business and increased employment opportunities in
Aniocha
Ho: Besides other
problems lack of capital and infraturctural facilities do hinder the
establishment of small scale business in
Aniocha.
HI. Besides
other problems lack of capital and infrasturctural facilities do hinder the
establishment of small scale business in
Aniocha.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Small scale
industry ownership is the route to the ownership of capital and of course participation
or contribution towards, the economic and industrial growth of the nation.
Therefore, “people are beginning to see a blind alley in purely distributed
trade and are exploiting possibilities in the small scale sector”.
Based on
the problems and objective of this research the following questions have to
asked: -
(a)
Does small scale business hold any employment
potential in Aniocha?
(b)
Is there any relationship between the establishment of
small scale business and increase in employment in Aniocha?
(c)
Besides other problems, are lack of capital and
infrastructure hinder the establishment and growth of small scale business in
Aniocha?
All these
questions are very important as it provides an opportunity to person who may
read it to appreciate what constitute a small scale business expected problems
to be encountered by new entrants. This
study is particularly significant to the Nigeria government as it afford the
government an opportunity to appreciate the problems facing the establishment
of small scale business in Aniocha.
However,
only very few have actually realized their aspirations in this direction
thereby cutting short too soon their enthusiasm and aspirations. On the other
hand there has been a negative perception on the part of most indigenous citizens
for having business their own. The practice for themselves is to work for
others for payment. It then becomes apparent to note that existing business and
up and coming ones are owned and
operated by setters.
This
research is particularly of importance to this group of people as it provides
an opportunity to person who may read it to appreciate what constitute a small scale business and the expected
problems to be encountered by new entrants, their profit and employment
potentials among others.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
There was
numerous problems and limitations faced by the researcher, but out of all, time
and finance imposed great limitation to the work as enough time and money had
to be made available to travel to Aniocha as often as necessary in order to
successfully accomplish the set goals. And as a poor students still striving to
find a career, these are what I do not have.
Again the
unco-operative attitude of the owners and makers of small scale business who
despite the researchers elaborate explanation will believe that the study in
are way or the other will jeopardize their business and therefore with holding
information imposed another constraint to this work. There was even the year
that they would be unwilling to fill the questionnaires when given. Given the
use of the questionnaire was discouraging because may only of the respondents
are either illiterates or semi literates, so the researcher was forced to adopt
empirical observation interview and documentation to obtain the necessary and
available data for the study.
1.8 DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS
1) WHAT IS
BUSINESS: For the purpose of this study, business is taken to mean an organized
efforts of individuals to produce and sell goods and services geared at profit
oriented. .
2)
ENTREPRENUERS: They are the risk take, who create
business, the people who assemble all the other factors of production in an effort to start and operate a business
and to make profit.
3)
PRODUCTIVITY: This
is the measurement of efficiency by company how much is produced with the
resources used.
4)
WHAT IS SMALL BUSINESS: A small business is one that is independently owned and operated
for a profit and is not dominant in its filed.
5)
MANAGEMENT: Working with and through people and other
organizational resources to achieve the organizational goals and objectives.
REFERENCES
Omobile, D (1985) Business
and Economy News watch Vol. 1 No 8 Pg 24
Onwuka, K (1987) Small
scale business reeds attention business
times
Nzelube, C.G (1990) Management
of small scale Business forth Dimension.
Omorodian, G.O (1987) Small
scale industrial development process, business concord vol. 40. No 30 pg 12.
Oshaghani, T.A (1993) Small
business management in Nigeria,
Longman publishers, Pg 2
Todora, P.M (1983) Business
and Economy News watch Vol. 1 No 8, Pg 24
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The
definition of small scale business to differs with countries and individuals.
However there is no universally or generally accepted definition of small scale
industry.
In Nigeria there
is no converses as to what the definition of small scale business is, for
instance. The Nigeria bank for commece and industries (NBCI) adopted a
definition for the period (1985 – 1990) in which it defined small scale
industry as “an industry with capital not exceeding N750,000 including working
capital but exchanging cost of land”.
Also
according to the federal ministry of commerce and industry defined small scale
industry as:
“Any
establishment with capital investment totaling N250,000.00 and employees”.
These,
among others are the various definition given to small scale business in Nigeria. This
implies that actually we do not have a definite definition on small scale both
in academic circle and among practitioners.
It should
be mentioned that state government adopt definitions which are not only
different from that used by the federal government but also different among
local and state government. Based on this definition, we found out that there
are a wide range of small businesses enterprises in Aniocha Local Government
Area of Anambra State among which are faring, supermarkets, bakes, medical
clinics, restaurants, furniture companies, block industries, service stations,
retailers in the market trashcan operators, patent medicine dealers, building
contractors professional hunters and numerous others.
2.1 ROLE OF
BUSINESS IN SOCIETY
There are a
few things a developing country or society needs as much as good business
organization. Business can be seen as an economic activity undertaken to
produce both goods and service which is
profit- oriented (Robock Sumonds and Scrik 1977). Because of the impact of
public issues, the business institution insolvent major charges in the
recent time. An additional set of responsibilities
called “social responsibilities” were
added to its traditional economic responsibilities. These days, the corporation
is no longer seen as a single purpose economic institution devoted solely to
developing and marketing product and service. By virtue of its size resources
and impact in the society the corporation has also become deeply involved in
the accomplishment of a number of social tasks. As a result of this,
today’s business enterprises are critically
affected by such matters as consumer and
environmental protection, occupational wealth and safety, full financial
disclosure, the political process at all level and the quality of life in the
communities in which they are located.
In Nigeria
today, good business outlay helps to
increase the total outputs of commodities, increases investment, it creates
chances of employment etc, therefore business is a necessity ot the economy of any society.
2.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYMENT TO NATIONAL
ECONOMIC WELL BEING:
Employment
is a situation when the members of the labour force are dutifully engaged in
the production of goods and services employment is closely related to the
population size of any given economy (optimum population refers to a situation
when the size of the working population combines with other available resources
to produce he maximum output per head.
At least
two characteristics reflects a nation with high employment rate.
(a)
They have good industrial structure
(b)
Good income distribution which attracts foreign
investors.
Employment
plays a major role in the national economic well being in the sense that it
helps to improve economic growth, in flow of foreign currency export of
finished products, introduction of raw skills,
competition and efficiency, rapid industrialization and reduction of
social ills. If may jointing of youths in Nigeria are duly employed there
will be a drop in crime rate and a remarkable increase in the total output of
commodities.
In
conclusion, studies helps develop institutions that reduces the extreme of
income in the economy. The resulting of these will be a large and comfortable
middle class confronted with a wide array of branded products, who can be able to own automobiles
and major appliances as well as enjoy leisure and take vacations.
2.3 THE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYMENT INTO SELF
EMPLOYMENT AND PAID EMPLOYMENT
Self
employment is the commonest from of employment or ownership of business. In
this category of business, it is usually owned and by one person (ie sole
proprietorship).
This kind
of business has distinct characteristics:
(a)
It is the easiest form of business, once the owner
begins it, it becomes its own automatically.
(b)
The profit realized become virtually his own, which
means he do not share it with anyone.
(c)
One man business has no special legal restrictions.
Only those general areas of civil and criminal law that apply to all forms of
business ownership apply to the sole proprietor.
But in paid
employment, one have to enter “contract of employment” with another in order to
render services for him. Under work mans compensation Act 1973 section 90, as
amended the employee and employer has equal footing in the bargaining of
contract of service.
Under paid
employment some features exist:
(a)
There is master (employer) and servant (employee) relationship.
(b)
The employee is bound by law to render service to the
employer.
(c)
The employer in return under industrial law, to
provide work, hence the employee is ready and willing to work.
(d)
The employer has the right to give and terminate
employment. Without reasons, although the employee should be given three (3) months to sell
redress in law contract.
The
employer should indemnify the employee, provide job securities and incentives
to the employee etc.
2.4 SMALL SCALE BUSINESS AS A SOURCE OF SELF
EMPLOYMENT AND PAID EMPLOYMENT
This
history of small scale business has been with man for ages. The fact that
individuals do not posses the resources for a bigger enterprise has resulted in
small businesses flourishing in every economy. It’s scope and native have also been broaden
ranging from the petty trading in the streets to the large proportion of
private limited companies that are usually described as family business. They
have also dominated the ensure spectrum of commercial activity and
collectively, they employ more workers than the public sector.
When a
small scale business opened its door for business, it is usually managed and
owned by one person which makes for its self employed. A key incentive to this
entrepreneur is that being his own boss, he is working for himself, thus the
profit derived from the business operations saves as his financial reward.
But when
investment increases, market opportunities widens, and variety of products are
introduced. This self employed business man sees the need to employ people. He
enters into the labour market (ie the area in which exchange of labour takes
place) to seek for employees who are aloowed by law to work or offer themselves
for work. He negotiates wages with them in line with the government maximum
wage. This has shown that at the long run small scale business is a source of
self employment likewise paid employment.
2.5 ANIOCHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA AND
EMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
A wealth of
literature exists on the problems facing small scale business in Nigeria as well
as employment opportunities created by the small scale business which has
resulted to their failures.
In Nigeria, it is
a common belief that anybody can manage a business but expense reveals that in
Aniocha local government Area the
possibility joining a small scale
business is not basically the problem but managing it and creating
employment opportunity. The man problem facing them is lack of adequate human
labour planning this have ruined many small firms in Aniocha leading to mass
un-employment. Another problem is the manner in which workers are employed, the issue of favourism that is
(God father) is the order of the day, thereby substituting mediocrity for
merit, creating an undue advantage over other workers which brings commotion in
the business – lack of job security and
motivation in Aniocha Local Government Area
affects workers, hence they are not sure of their slay in the organization.
The
researcher believes that if all these problems are addressed, it will go along
way to improve the functioning of small scale business in Aniocha and
employment in Nigeria,
in general.
REFERENCE
Ewa Udu, G.A Ejili, A (1990) New system Economics Basic Economics (Part II) IMT Enugu
Baumback C.M University of Lawa “
how to organized and operate a small scale business
Onuha, B.C Entreprenueral development in Nigeria
fundamentals of Business and Management in Nigeria
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